Host genes and proteins
used by the Toxoplama gondii during its life cycle.
If you know of other direct interactions,
(or corrections) please
with Pubmed ID, gene symbol/accession number and parasite interacting
protein. Thank you.
Besides the specific interactions listed below, T.Gondii is an obligate
parasite obliged to scavenge certain nutrients and other substrates
from the host, whose drainage is likely to impact upon host cellular
function. These organisms also posses many enzymes similar to those
of the host and may also donate metabolites to host cells.The parasitophorous
vacuole also contains small pores that allow the bidirectional flux
of small molecules (<1300–1900Da) such as glucose, amino
acids, nucleotides, and ions between host and parasite: This exchange
is not energy dependent Schwab
et al, 1994Laliberté
and Carruthers, 2008
Isoprenoids : The parasite salvages farnesyl diphosphate /
geranylgeranyl diphosphate Li
et al, 2013
Folic acid : Although the parasite contains the apparatus necessary
for de novo folate biosynthesis it also posseses a high affinity
capture system for folic acid Massimine
et al, 2005
Palmitate is incorporated into cholesteryl esters: The parasite
contains acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) and host fatty
acids and low-density lipoproteins directly serve as Toxoplasma
ACAT activators by stimulating cholesteryl ester synthesis and lipid
droplet biogenesis.Nishikawa
et al, 2005
Purines: T.Gondii and other parasitic protozoa are unable to synthesise
a purine ring and rely on purine salvage from the host: The parasite
posesses transporters for this purpose including those with affinity
for :-
Polyamines: T,Gondii is a polyamine auxotroph (putrescine, spermine,
spermidine) The preliminary enzymes of polyamine synthesis, ornithine
decarboxylase and arginine decarboxylase are not present in T.Gondi,
which nevertheless actively transports arginine and ornithine, which
are converted via the arginine dihydrolase pathway to citrulline
and carbamoyl phosphate, resulting in the formation of ATP via carbamate
kinase: Cook
et al, 2007 : T.Gondii also possesses a putrescine uptake system
: Seabra
et al, 2004
Proteins: The parasite ingests and digests host cytosolic proteins
using cathepsin L and other proteases within its endolysosomal system
Dou
et al, 2014
T.Gondii acquires serine, ethanolamine, and choline, used for
the synthesis of phosphatidylserine , phosphatidylethanolamine ,
and phosphatidylcholine Gupta
et al, 2005
Sugars: The parasite uses host sugars for energy and to generate
glycoconjugates that play a role in its survival and virulence:
T.Gondii sugar transporters are able to capture glucose, mannose,
galactose, hexose and fructose Blume
et al, 2009
Host organelles, including mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum
are also recruited to the parasitophorous vacuole Laliberté
and Carruthers, 2008 Controlled by parasitic MAF1 protein and
limited to type 1 and III strains Pernas
et al, 2014
Chemicals donated by T.Gondii
Ammonia is released from T.Gondii and other parasites by aquaglyceroporins
Zeuthen
et al, 2006
The parasite possesses two genes encoding for tyrosine hydroxylases
capable of synthesising L-DOPA and thus dopamine, perhaps explaining
the increase in cerebral dopamine levels observed in infected mice
Gaskell
et al, 2009
The parasite possesses a 15-lipoxygenase and generates Lipoxin
A4 (LXA4) , an antiinflammatory agent, from arachidonic acid . Parasite
generated LXA4 reduces IL12 secretion from dendritic cells Bannenberg
et al, 2004
T.Gondii secrets a protein phosphatase 2c into the host cell and
directs it to the nucleus of infected cells: This was shown to be
have activity at typical PP2C substrates casein and myelin basic
protein (MBP) Gilbert
et al, 2007
TgPDCD5 , a protein secreted by T.Gondii induces apoptosis in
non-infected (bystander) cella Bannai
et al, 2008
The parasite secretes a toxolysin (TLN4): T. gondii tachyzoites
store TLN4 in the micronemes and secrete it in response to elevated
calcium, suggesting a role in cell invasion.Laliberté
and Carruthers, 2011
T.Gondii induces the production of natural ligands for peroxisome
proliferator-activated receptor receptors from platelets (PPARA
PPARD PPARG ). Infection induces platelets to release high levels
of Lipoxin A4, 5,15-diHETE, and 15-HETE at very high levels Marion
et al, 2010
The parasite secretes a phosphatidylserine decarboxylase that
metabolises the host substrate Gupta
et al, 2012
Host/pathogen interactions
17 beta-estradiol, diethylstilbestrol, and alpha-dienestrol, increase
the susceptibility of mice and brain cyst formation, to T. gondii
Pung
and Luster 1986
ABCA4 ATP-binding cassette, sub-family A (ABC1), member 4: Polymophisms
influence congenital toxoplasmosis Jamieson
et al, 2008
ABCB1 ATP-binding cassette, sub-family B (MDR/TAP), member 1 (P-glycoprotein)
involved in the transport of cholesterol to the parasite Bottoba
et al, 2009
ACO1 aconitase 1, soluble (irp1) . T. gondii infection results
in increased activity in the iron response protein IRP1 which stabilizes
transferrin receptor TFRC mRNA from degradation
Gail et al, 2004
ADAM10 upregulated by T.Gondii in macrophages and possibly involved
in the processing of pro-alpha v and pro-beta 3 to generate functional
mature integrin alpha v beta 3 molecules ITGA5, ITGB3 Seipel
et al, 2010
AHR aryl hydrocarbon receptor: Infectivity increased in AHR knockout
mice Sanchez
et al, 2010
AIFM1 apoptosis-inducing factor, mitochondrion-associated, 1 :
AIFM2 Binds to T.Gondii TgHsp70 Hwang
et al, 2010
AKT1 v-akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog 1: T. gondii
promotes AKT1 and PIK3CA activation Muniz-Feliciano
et al, 2013 .
ALCAM activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule: toxoplasmic
encephalitis severity in C57BL/6 mice is associated with increased
ALCAM and VCAM1 CNS expression and higher blood-brain barrier permeability.Silva
et al, 2010
ALDH1A2 aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family, member A2: Expression
increased n the spleen, liver, lung and small intestine of mice
infected with T. gondii Ismail
et al, 2012
ALDOA aldolase A, fructose-bisphosphate: Aldolase interacts with
T.Gondii MIC6 Zheng
et al, 2009
ALOX5 arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase: T Gondii infected mast cells
degranulate and release Leukotriene B4 (blocked by ALOX5 inhibition)
Henderson
and Chi, 1998
ALOX12 arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase: Regulation of IL12 via this
pathway plays a role in resistance to toxoplasmosis Middleton
et al, 2009
ALOX15 arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase : Regulation of IL12 via this
pathway plays a role in resistance to toxoplasmosis Middleton
et al, 2009
Arachidonic acid is secreted into the culture medium following
infection in macrophages Thardin
et al, 1993
APAF1 apoptotic peptidase activating factor 1: binds to T.Gondi
Tghps70 Hwang
et al, 2010
APOE Apolipoprotein E: apoE suppresses inflammation and modulates
the T helper-1-type immune response Ali
et al, 2005. T.Gondii increases atherosclerosis in APOE knockout
mice Portugal
et al, 2004
APP amyloid beta (A4) precursor protein: infection inhibits ß-amyloid
plaque formation in the cortex and hippocampus of Tg2576 mice Jung
et al, 2012 Such effects appear to be T. Gondii strain-specific
Cabral
et al, 2017
ARF6 ADP-ribosylation factor 6: recruited to the parasitophorous
vacuole da
Silva et al, 2009
ARG1 arginase, liver : ROP16 triggers synthesis of host cell arginase-1
(STAT6-dependent) Butcher
et al, 2011
ARHGDIA Rho GDP dissociation inhibitor (GDI) alpha: negative regulator
of interferon gamma inducible GTPase-dependent cell-autonomous immunity
to Toxoplasma gondii Ohshima
et al, 2015.
ARPC1A actin related protein 2/3 complex, subunit 1A, 41kDa T.Gondii
induces the formation of a ring-shaped F-actin structure in the
host cell at the parasite-cell junction:. The Arp2/3 complex, an
actin-nucleating factor, is recruited at the ring structure and
is important for parasite entry. Gonzalez
et al, 2009
ARPC1B actin related protein 2/3 complex, subunit 1B, 41kDa ""
APRC2 actin related protein 2/3 complex, subunit 2, 34kDa ""
ARPC3 actin related protein 2/3 complex, subunit 3, 21kDa ""
ARPC4 actin related protein 2/3 complex, subunit 4, 20kDa ""
ARPC5 actin related protein 2/3 complex, subunit 5, 16kDa ""
ARPC5L actin related protein 2/3 complex, subunit 5-like ""
ATF6B activating transcription factor 6 beta interacts with ROP18
Yamamoto
et al, 2011
ATG3 autophagy related 3: promotes binding of IRG and Gbp proteins
to Chlamydia- and Toxoplasma-containing vacuoles Haldar
et al, 2014
ATG5 autophagy related 5 homolog required for in vivo resistance
to the intracellular pathogens Listeria monocytogenes and Toxoplasma
gondii. Zhao
et al, 2008
ATG7 mice with Atg7 deficiency targeted to microglia/macrophages
as well as CD40(-/-) mice exhibited impaired killing of T. gondii
and were susceptible to cerebral and ocular toxoplasmosis Portillo
et al, 2010
ATG12 autophagy related 12: autophagy proteins involved in the
conjugation of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (MAP1LC3A)
(aka LC3) to phosphatidylethanolamine, including Atg7, Atg3, and
the Atg12-Atg5-Atg16L1 complex control T. gondii in vitro and in
vivo Choi
et al, 2014.
ATG16L1 autophagy related 16-like 1 : See aboveChoi
et al, 2014. MAP1LC3B, GABARAP and Atg16L1 recruited to parasitic
vacuoles Clough
et al, 2016
ATP host cell ATP production affects T.Gondii tachzooite metabolism
Sorensen
et al, 1997
BAX BCL2-associated X protein Bad, Bax and bid are selectively
degraded by infection
Carmen and Sinai, 2011
BBC3 BCL2 binding component 3 (Puma) : Expression decreased by
astrocyte infection in mice Contreras-Ochoa
et al, 2013
BCHE butyrylcholinesterase: Reduced activity in serum and liver
homogenates following infection in mice Da
Silva et al, 2013
BCL2A1 BCL2-related protein A1 Gene upregulated in the brains
of mice after one year infection by T.Gondii Hermes
et al, 2008
BCL2 . T gondii infection inhibits mitochondrial apoptosis through
overproduction of anti-apoptotic Bcl2 Hwang
et al, 2010
BCL2L11 BCL2-like 11 (apoptosis facilitator (Bim)): infection
confers resistance against Bim-induced apoptosis by preventing the
activation and mitochondrial targeting of pro-apoptotic Bax.Hippe
et al, 2009
BCL3 B-cell CLL/lymphoma 3: required in dendritic cells to prime
protective T-cell-mediated immunity to T. gondii.: Tassi
et al, 2015
BECN1 Beclin 1: Involved in the autophagy response to T.Gondii
Wang
et al, 2009
BEX2 brain expressed X-linked 2: Expression increased in the spleen,
liver, lung and small intestine of mice infected with T. gondii
Ismail
et al, 2012
BIRC3 baculoviral IAP repeat containing 3: Upregulated by infection
in mouse embryonic fibroblasts Molestina
et al, 2003
BIRC5 baculoviral IAP repeat containing 5 (survivin): Expression
decreased by astrocyte infection in mice Contreras-Ochoa
et al, 2013
BPI bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein : active in vitro
and in vivo against T. gondii Khan
et al, 1999
BRD2 bromodomain containing 2 : (ring3) Expression increased in
the liver of infected mice Lau
et al, 2001
BST2 bone marrow stromal cell antigen 2: Gene upregulated in the
brains of mice after one year infection by T.Gondii Hermes
et al, 2008
Calcium channel modulators bepridil and verapamil, and the calmodulin
antagonist, calmidazolium modify invasion Song
et al, 2004 Ca-ionophore and thapsigargin which increase host
cell cytosolic Ca2+, significantly decreased tachyzoite invasion
Pezella
et al, 1997
C1QA complement component 1, q subcomponent, A chain: Gene upregulated
in the brains of mice after one year infection by T.Gondii Hermes
et al, 2008
C1QC complement component 1, q subcomponent, C chain: Gene upregulated
in the brains of mice after one year infection by T.Gondii Hermes
et al, 2008
C4A complement component 4A (Rodgers blood group) : Gene upregulated
in the brains of mice after one year infection by T.Gondii Hermes
et al, 2008
C4B complement component 4B (Chido blood group) : Gene upregulated
in the brains of mice after one year infection by T.Gondii Hermes
et al, 2008
C5 complement component 5 Human sera genetically deficient in
C5, C6, C7, and C8 were inactive as activators of antibody to T.Gondii.Schreiber
and Feldman, 1980
CA1 carbonic anhydrase: binds to parasite's GRA7 protein Xue
et al, 2014
Calcium: T.Gondii invasion is calcium dependent and inhibited
by Ca2+ channel blockers (verapamil) and calmodulin (CALM1 CALM2
CALM3) antagonists (trifluoperazine, calmidazolium) and increased
by Ca-ionophore and thapsigargin (sarco / endoplasmic reticulum
Ca2+ ATPase blocker) Pezzella
et al, 1997.
Calcineurin is :involved in T.Gondii egress (Isoforms include
PPP3CA PPP3CB PPP3CC PPP3R1 PPP3R2) Moudy
et al, 2001
CALCOCO2 calcium binding and coiled-coil domain 2 (NDP52): Ubiquitin-binding
proteins SQSTM1/p62 and NDP52 form microdomains on type II Toxoplasma
parasite vacuiles Clough
et al, 2016
CANX Calnexin T. gondii forms tight associations with host mitochondria
and the endoplasmic reticulum and the parasitophorouis vacuole associates
with calnexin Sinai
et al, 1997
CALR Calreticulin incorporated into parasitophorous vacuole containing-T.
gondi Melo
and de Souza, 1997
CAPN1 Calpain: Immunodepletion or inhibition of calpain-1 in hypotonically
lysed and resealed erythrocytes preventes the escape of P. falciparum
and the egress of T.Gondii Chandramohanadas
et al, 2009
CAPN2 calpain 2, (m/II) large subunit: T. gondii egress from mammalian
fibroblasts was blocked by either small interfering RNA-mediated
suppression or genetic deletion of calpain activity Chandramohanadas
et al, 2009
CASP12 caspase 12: cleavage activated in trophoblasts following
maternal infection Xu
et al, 2012 and in C17.2 neural stem cells Zhou
et al, 2015
CAT Catalase: The H2O2 or superoxide generated by host catalase
or superoxide dismutase are per se insufficient to kill T.Gondii,
but provide the substrates necessary to generate the products (hydroxyl
and other radicals) that are efficient microbicidals Murray
and Cohn, 1979.
CCDC56 coiled-coil domain containing 56: binds to T.Gondii GRA10
Ahn
et al, 2006
CCL1 chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 1 (I-309) expression increased
in T. gondii-infected macrophages via JAK3 and STAT6 Ahn
et al, 2009
CCL3 chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 3 (Mip 1 alpha) increased expression
in CCL2, CCL3, CCL5, CXCL2, CXCL9 and CXCL10 in intestinal epithelial
cells following peroral infection with T. gondii on day eight post-infection
Gopal
et al, 2011
CCL4 T. gondii infection triggered neutrophil synthesis of CC
chemokine ligand CCL3, CCL4, CCL5, and CCL20 Benouna
et al, 2003
CCL5 chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5 : (rantes) increased expression
in CCL2, CCL3, CCL5, CXCL2, CXCL9 and CXCL10 in intestinal epithelial
cells following peroral infection with T. gondii on day eight post-infection
Gopal
et al, 2011 Gene upregulated in the brains of mice after one
year infection by T.Gondii Hermes
et al, 2008
CCL8 chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 8 Gene upregulated in the brains
of mice after one year infection by T.Gondii Hermes
et al, 2008
CCL11 chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 11 (Eotaxin) Expreesion increased
in host cells via IFNG Ahn
et al, 2009
CCNB1 Cyclin B1: T. gondii induces cell cycle arrest and cyclin
B1 downregulation Brunet
et al, 2008
CCR1 Infection susceptibility increased in knockout mice Khan
et al, 2001
CCR3 Chemokine secretion induced by T.Gondii STAT6 activation
may attract monocytes and Th2 cells of CCR3 and CCR4 lineage to
enrich the Th2 environment near infected macrophages Ahn
et al, 2009
CCR5 chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 5 binds to T.Gondii cyclophilin-18
(C-18) Yarovinsky
et al, 2004 Ligands of this receptor include monocyte chemoattractant
protein 2 (MCP-2), macrophage inflammatory protein 1 alpha (MIP-1
alpha), macrophage inflammatory protein 1 beta (MIP-1 beta) and
regulated on activation normal T expressed and secreted protein
(RANTES)
CCR6 T.Gondii excreted secreted antigens induce a decrease in
CCR6 expression associated with an increased expression of CCR7
in dendritic cells Diana
et al, 2005
CCR7 Peripheral amd central nervous system expression increased
by infection Noor
et al, 2010
CCR9 ; Intracranial priming and rechallenging with Toxoplasma
gondii in mice elicit neurotoxic CCR9+ Irg1+ (immunoresponsive gene
1) microglia Li
et al, 2006
CD2 T-cell surface antigen CD2: CD2 deficient mice are more resistant
to T. gondii infection Pawlowski
et al, 2007
CD2AP CD2 associated protein: rhoptry neck proteins (RON2, RON4
and RON5) cooperate to recruit host CIN85 (=SH3KBP1), CD2AP and
the ESCRT-I components ALIX and TSG101 to the moving junction during
invasion Guérin
et al, 2017
CD3 The lymphoproliferative response induced by cross-linked anti-CD3
monoclonal antibody is reduced in infected mice Hague
et al, 1998
CD4 down-regulated during the acute phase of infection Hague
et al, 1998.
CD8 T cells are essential for control of Toxoplasma gondii infection
Gigley
et al, 2011
CD23 (FCER2 Fc fragment of IgE, low affinity II, receptor for
(CD23) ) and IL10 involved in the immunoglobulin E related killing
of T.Gondii Vouldoukis
et al, 2011
CD25 Anti-CD25 antibody-mediated depletion of effector T cell
populations enhances susceptibility of mice to acute but not chronic
Toxoplasma gondii infection Couper
et al, 2009.
CD36 expressioni decreased in the aorta of T.gondii infected mice
fed a hypercholesterolemic diet Portugal
et al, 2008 Gene upregulated in the brains of mice after one
year infection by T.Gondii Hermes
et al, 2008
CD40LG CD40 ligand (CD154): blockade of endogenous CD154 blockade
increases parasite load in IFNG-/- mice infected with Toxoplasma
gondii Subauste
and Wessendarp, 2006
CD44 CD44 molecule (Indian blood group) : infection in mice increases
expression on T cells, B cells, natural killer cells, and macrophages
Blass
et al, 2001
CD55 CD55 molecule, decay accelerating factor for complement (Cromer
blood group) incorporated into the parasitophorous vacuole Mordue
et al, 1999
CD59 T.Gondii antigen S1 is an epitope of CD59 and antibodies
to S1 cross react with CD59 Wilson
et al, 1999
CD80 infection of human monocytes with T. gondii tachyzoites rapidly
induces expression of CD80 and up-regulates CD86 Subauste
et al, 1998
CD86 infection of human monocytes with T. gondii tachyzoites rapidly
induces expression of CD80 and up-regulates CD86 Subauste
et al, 1998
CD154 CD40 ligand: CD40-CD154 interaction regulates Interferon
-gamma-independent mechanisms of host protection viainduction of
macrophage antimicrobial activity and modulation of TNF-alpha signaling
Subauste
and Wessendarp,2006
CD200 regulates microglial responses in T.Gondii encephalitis
in mice Deckert
et al 2006
CD200R1 CD200 receptor 1 regulates microglial responese in T.Gondii
encephalitis in mice Deckert
et al 2006
CDH15 cadherin 15, type 1, M-cadherin (myotubule) : Downregulated
by infection in skeletal muscle Gomes
et al, 2011
CDH24 cadherin 24, type 2: binds to T.Gondii GRA8 Ahn
et al, 2006
CDKN1A cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A (p21, Cip1): CD40
upregulates Beclin 1 and triggered killing of T. gondii by decreasing
CDKN1A protein levels CDKN1A stimulates Beclin 1 degradation Portillo
et al, 2010
CDKN1B cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B (p27, Kip1): In Toxoplasm
encephalitis in mice intracerebral T cells did not proliferate:
related to the expression of the cell cycle inhibitors p21(Waf/cip1)
and p27(Kip1) Schlüter
et al, 2002
CEBPB CCAAT/enhancer binding protein beta: mediates the killing
of Toxoplasma gondii by Inducing Autophagy in Nonhematopoietic Cells
Yu
et al, 2017
CELA1 pancreatic; elastase-1: inhibited by a T.Gondii protease
inhibitor (TgPI-1) Morris
et al, 2002
Ceramide ( and TNF) increase the number of T.Gondii cysts formed
in vitro in human MRC5 fibroblasts: PKC is incolved as Phorbol 12-myristate
13-acetate
also does so Ricard
et al, 1996
Several CSPG's exist although none has been specifically related
to T.Gondii: These include aggrecan ACAN ; Appican (a
glial form of the amyloid precursor protein APP ) ; brevican
BCAN ; chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans CSPG3 CSPG4 CSPG5 ;
neurocan NCAN and versican VCAN
CHUK conserved helix-loop-helix ubiquitous kinase (IKK alpha)
localises to the parasitophorous vacuole membrane activating NFKB1
Molestina
and Sinai, 2005
CIITA class II, major histocompatibility complex, transactivator
: Infection downreguletes CIITA in human glioblastoma cells
Lüder et al, 2003
CLDN3 claudin 3 Involved in the regulation of epithelial tight
junctions that control T.Gondii infection Dalton
et al, 2006
CNTF ciliary neurotrophic factor, : IL6, IL-11, IL27, LIF, oncostatin
M, CNTF, B cell stimulating factor, and cardiotrophin-1 (IL6+ST
ligands) are upregulated in the astrocytes of mice in toxic encephalitis
Drögemüller
et al, 2008
CRSP2 calcitonin receptor-stimulating peptide-2: binds to T.Gondii
GRA1 Ahn
et al, 2006
CRTC2 CREB regulated transcription coactivator 2 regulates parasite-mediated
host cell reorganization via MTOR , AKT1 and GSK3B Wang
et al, 2010
CSF1 colony stimulating factor 1 (macrophage): Secretion increated
by infection of fibroblasts Channon
et al, 2002
CSF2 colony stimulating factor 2 (granulocyte-macrophage): Secretion
increated by infection of fibroblasts Channon
et al, 2002
CTLA4 cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 : regulates
immune responses to T.Gondii Hunter
et al, 1997
CTF1 cardiotrophin 1 Oncostatin M , IL6, IL-11, IL27, LIF, OSM
, CNTF, B cell stimulating factor (IL4) , and cardiotrophin-1 (IL6+ST
ligands) are upregulated in the astrocytes of mice in toxic encephalitis
Drögemüller
et al, 2008
CTRC chymotrypsin C inhibited by a T.Gondii protease inhibitor
(TgPI-1) Morris
et al, 2002
CXCL2 chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 2: increased expression in
CCL2, CCL3, CCL5, CXCL2, CXCL9 and CXCL10 in intestinal epithelial
cells following peroral infection with T. gondii on day eight post-infection
Gopal
et al, 2011 Upregulated in infected human Müller cells
Knight
et al, 2006
CXCL9 increased expression in CCL2, CCL3, CCL5, CXCL2, CXCL9 and
CXCL10 in intestinal epithelial cells following peroral infection
with T. gondii on day eight post-infection Gopal
et al, 2011
CXCL10 increased expression in CCL2, CCL3, CCL5, CXCL2, CXCL9
and CXCL10 in intestinal epithelial cells following peroral infection
with T. gondii on day eight post-infection Gopal
et al, 2011
CXCL11 the expreession of CXCL9/MIG, CXCL10/IP-10, CXCL11/I-TAC,
CCL2/MCP-1, CCL3/MIP-1a, and CCL5/RANTES is increased in mice brains
after infection Wen
et al, 2010
CXCR2 knockout increases susceptibility to infection in mice Del
Rio et al, 2001
CXCR3 chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 3: Microglial chemokine
receptor upregulated in the brain following infection Nance
et al, 2012
CXCR4 chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 4: Brain expression of
CCL5/ RANTES, CCR7, CXCR4, and CXCR5 are upregulated, peaking 10
days after infection Aviles
et al, 2008
CYBB cytochrome b-245, beta polypeptide: Gene upregulated in the
brains of mice after one year infection by T.Gondii Hermes
et al, 2008
CYB5R3 cytochrome b5 reductase 3: binds to T.Gondii GRA8 Ahn
et al, 2006
Cyclic adenosine diphosphoribose regulates T.Gondii invasion :
The parasite expresses the relevant enzymes and channels Chini
et al, 2005 but host cADPR matabolism might be expected to influence
the parasite
Cyclic AMP stimulates T.Gondii growth and cAMP reduction reduces
growth (effects produced by cAMP phosphodiesterase activators, imidazole
and A23187, and cAMP phosphodiesterase inhibitors, IBMX , compound
48/80, and theophylline (non-selective))
Choi
et al, 1990
CYCS cytochrome c, somatic:T. gondii significantly inhibits the
Fas/CD95-triggered release of cytochrome c into the host cell cytosol
Hippe
et al, 2008 .
DDB1 damage-specific DNA binding protein 1, 127kDa: Interacts
with the ROP18 kinase Cheng
et al, 2012
DDIT3 ( CHOP) DNA-damage-inducible transcript 3: Expression increased
in trophoblasts following maternal infection Xu
et al, 2012 and in C17.2 neural stem cells Zhou
et al, 2015
DEFA5 alpha defensin plays a parasiticidal role against Toxoplasma
gondii Tanaka
et al, 2010
DEFB4A defensin, beta 4A: The parasites induces high levels of
DEFB4A gene expression Morampudi
et al, 2011
Dehydroepiandrosterone decreases mortality in infected mice Khalifa
et al, 2000
DERL2 Der1-like domain family, member 2: Interacts with the ROP18
kinase Cheng
et al, 2012
DGKZ Diacylglycerol kinase zeta regulates infection and host resistance
Liu et al, 2007
Diphosphatidylglycerol (Cardiolipin) : scavenged by tachyzoites
Bizanz
et al, 2006
Dopamine: Cerebral metabolism increased by infection, due to tyrosine
metabolism by the parasite's own tyrosine hydroxylase Prandovszky
et al, 2011 (inevitably activating dopamine receptors DRD1 -
DRD5)
DRD4 dopamine receptor D4 : Expression increased in the frontal
cortex of male infected mice Xiao
et al, 2012
DISC1 disrupted in schizophrenia 1: DISC1 is involved in host
immune responses against T. gondii infection Kano
et al, 2018
DUSP4 – dual specificity phosphatase 4 (MAP kinase phosphatase
2): regulates T.Gondii infection by modulating NOS2 and arginase
1 activities in mice.Woods
et al, 2013
EGFR epidermal growth factor receptor: T. gondii micronemal proteins
containing EGF domains promote EGFR activation Muniz-Feliciano
et al, 2013 .
EGR1 early growth response 1: : upregulated in response to infection
Wiley
et al, 2011
EGR2 early growth response 2: Expression increased in the spleen,
liver, lung and small intestine of mice infected with T. gondii
Ismail
et al, 2012
EIF2A phosphorylated by Toxoplasma gondii initiation factor-2
kinase Sullivan
et al, 2010
EIF2AK2 eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2-alpha kinase
2 (PKR: double stranded RNA activated protein kinase) generally
considered as important in viral defence but also stimulates autophagy,
accumulation of the autophagy molecule LC3 around T.Gondii, vacuole-lysosomal
fusion and killing of T. gondii in CD40-activated macrophages and
microglia Ogolla
et al, 2013
ELANE neutrophil elastase: inhibited by a T.Gondii protease inhibitor
(TgPI-1) Morris
et al, 2002
ELN Elastin: increased elastin turnover and MMP12 in pregnant
women with toxoplasmosisChou
and Lai, 2011
EMR1 egf-like module containing, mucin-like, hormone receptor-like
1: Gene upregulated in the brains of mice after one year infection
by T.Gondii Hermes
et al, 2008
EYA1 eyes absent homolog 1: Expression decreased in the frontal
cortex of female infected mice Xiao
et al, 2012
FABP7 fatty acid binding protein 7, brain: Expression decreased
in the frontal cortex of female infected mice Xiao
et al, 2012
FADD: Fas (TNFRSF6)-associated via death domain: T-cell receptor-induced
proliferation is blocked in FADD-defective T cells. FADD knockout
mice succumb to Toxoplasma gondii infection more readily than wild-types
Osborn
et al, 2010
FAS: Fas (TNF receptor superfamily, member 6): Infection with
T. gondii infection reduces Fas-triggered apoptosis in HeLa cells
by inhibiting the activities of initiator caspases 8 and 9 and effector
caspase 3/7. Hippe
et al, 2008
FCER2 Fc fragment of IgE, low affinity II, receptor for (CD23)
involved in immunoglobulin E mediated killing of the parasite in
macrophages Vouldoukis
et al, 2011
FCGR1A Fc fragment of IgG, high affinity Ia, receptor (CD64) involved
in parasite killing by monocytes Erbe
et al, 1991
FCFR2A Fc fragment of IgG, low affinity IIa, receptor (CD32) involved
in parasite killing by monocytes Erbe
et al, 1991
FCGR2B Fc fragment of IgG, low affinity IIb, receptor (CD32) involved
in parasite killing by monocytes Erbe
et al, 1991
FCGR3A Fc fragment of IgG, low affinity IIIa, receptor (CD16a)
involved in parasite killing by large granular lymphocytes Erbe
et al, 1991
FCGR3B Fc fragment of IgG, low affinity IIIb, receptor (CD16b)
involved in parasite killing by large granular lymphocytes Erbe
et al, 1991
FDFT1 farnesyl-diphosphate farnesyltransferase 1: catalyzes the
dimerization of two molecules of farnesyl diphosphate in a two-step
reaction to form squalene: Squalene synthase inhibition by squalestatin
arrests T.Gondii growth Nishikawa
et al, 2011
FMO2 flavin containing monooxygenase 2 (non-functional): Expression
increased in trophoblasts following maternal infection Xu
et al, 2012
FN1 Fibronectin 1: involved in the entrance, migration and retention
of inflammatory cells into the CNS during parasitic infections Silva
et al, 1999.
FUNDC1 FUN14 domain containing 1: binds to T.Gondii GRA3 Ahn
et al, 2006
FYB FYN binding protein: Gene upregulated in the brains of mice
after one year infection by T.Gondii Hermes
et al, 2008
Galactose: TgMIC4 binds to to a variety of galactose-containing
carbohydrate ligands Marchant
et al, 2012.
GABA- Gamma- amino butyric acid: Dendritic cells secrete GABA
following infection and GABRA3, GABRB3 and |GABRP subunits of the
GABA-A receptor are upregulated in these cells: Inhibition of GABA
synthesis in dendritic cells reduces entry of the parasite to other
organs, inluding the brain Fuks
et al, 2012.
GABARAP GABA type A receptor-associated protein : MAP1LC3B, GABARAP
and Atg16L1 recruited to parasitic vacuoles Clough
et al, 2016
GABARAPL2 GABA type A receptor associated protein like 2: required
for antimicrobial host defense through cytosolic distribution of
interferon-inducible GTPases Sasai
et al, 2017
G6PC glucose-6-phosphatase, catalytic subunit: an endoplasmic
reticulum marker that localises to the parasitophorous vacuole Goldszmid
et al, 2009
GBP proteins: Interferon-gamma-Inducible p65 GTPases involved
in host defense against Toxoplasma gondii Yamamoto
et al, 2012.
GBP1 guanylate binding protein 1, interferon-inducible: localises
to the parasitophorous vacuole Virreira
Winter et al, 2011
GBP2 guanylate binding protein 2, interferon-inducible: localises
to the parasitophorous vacuole Virreira
Winter et al, 2011 Gene upregulated in the brains of mice after
one year infection by T.Gondii Hermes
et al, 2008
GBP4 guanylate binding protein 4 ; Gene upregulated in the brains
of mice after one year infection by T.Gondii Hermes
et al, 2008
GBP6 guanylate binding protein family, member 6 : Gene upregulated
in the brains of mice after one year infection by T.Gondii Hermes
et al, 2008
GFAP intermediate filaments in astrocytes, and GFAP, associate
with T.Gondii cysts
Halonen et al, 1998 Gene upregulated in the brains of mice after
one year infection by T.Gondii Hermes
et al, 2008
Glutamine is scavenged from the host cell by the parasite when
glucose concentrations are low Blume
et al, 2009 Host glutamine is synthesised by glutamine synthetase
(GLUL) and metabolised by glutaminase (GLS1 GLS2) and is a precursor
for neurotransmitter glutamate.
GJA1 gap junction protein, alpha 1, 43kDa (connexin 43) : Expression
reduced in infected astrocytes Campos
de Carvalho et al, 1998
GJB2 gap junction protein, beta 2, 26kDa (connexin 26): Expression
reduced in infected leptomeningeal cells Campos
de Carvalho et al, 1998
Glutathione: glutathione which does not readily enter cells was
without effect but its precursors N-acetylcysteine or Glutathione-monoethyl
ester cause parasite egress in human fibroblasts Stommel
et al, 2001
GPX1 glutathione peroxidase 1: Expression increased in trophoblasts
following maternal infection Xu
et al, 2012
GPX6 glutathione peroxidase 6 (olfactory): Expression increased
in trophoblasts following maternal infection Xu
et al, 2012
HAVCR1 hepatitis A virus cellular receptor 1 (Tim-1) : brain and
spleen expression modified by infection in mice Wu
et al, 2013
HAVCR2 hepatitis A virus cellular receptor 2: (Tim-3) : brain
and spleen expression modified by infection in mice Wu
et al, 2013
HBQ1 hemoglobin, theta 1: Expression increased in placental trophoblasts
following maternal infection Xu
et al, 2012
Heparan sulfate proteoglycans mediate attachment of T.Gondii Jacquet
et al, 2001
There are many heparan sulfate proteoglycans, although none
have ben specifically assessed in relation to T.Gondii binding
eg agrin AGRN basigin BGN glypicans GPC1 GPC2 GPC3 GPC4 GPC5,
perlecan HSPG2 and syndecans SDC1 SDC2 SDC3 SDC4
T. gondii secretory proteins bind to sulfated heparin structures
Azzouz
et al, 2012.
HLA-G major histocompatibility complex, class I, G involved in
the congenital transmission of T.Gondii Robert-Gangneux
et al, 2011.
HK2 hexokinase 2 : Toxoplasma increases host HK2 transcript and
protein levels via HIF1 Menendez
et al, 2015
HMGB1 high mobility group box 1: localises to parasitophorous
vacuole in infected endothelial cells Stumbo
et al, 2008
HMGCR 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase: inhibitors suppress
T.Gondii growth which is dependent on host-scavenged cholesterol
Nishikawa
et al, 2011
HNRNPK heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein K binds to T.Gondii
GRA7 Ahn
et al, 2006
HSPA5 heat shock 70kDa protein 5 (glucose-regulated protein, 78kDa)
: Expresssion increased in trophoblasts following maternal infection
Xu
et al, 2012
HSPA8 heat shock 70kDa protein 8: binds to parasite protein TgMCP4a
Gong
et al, 2013.
HSPD1 (hsp65) heat shock 60kDa protein 1 (chaperonin): Contributes
to host defence and prevents macrophage apoptosis Hisaeda
et al, 1997
HSP90B1 heat shock protein 90kDa beta (Grp94), member 1: Expresssion
increased in trophoblasts following maternal infection Xu
et al, 2012
HSD17B10: hydroxysteroid (17-beta) dehydrogenase 10 (HADH2): binds
to T.Gondii GRA8 Ahn
et al, 2006
1-, 12-, and 15-hydroxyicosatetraenoic acids formed after infection
in macrophages Locksley
et al, 1985
12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid synthesis is increased by infection
in macrophages Thardin
et al, 1993
9-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid platelet release stimulated by T.Gondii
Henderson
et al, 1992
13-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid platelet release stimulated by
T.Gondii Henderson
et al, 1992
ICAM1 intercellular adhesion molecule 1 interacts with the parasite
adhesin MIC2 Barragan
et al, 2005
ICOS ICOS expression positively correlates with IFN-gamma production
in T helper cells from gut or liver of T.Gondii infected mice Bonhagen
et al, 2003
IDO1 indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1: IFNG stimulated IDO activity
in human astrocytes inhibits the growth of Toxoplasma gondii Oberdörfer
et al, 2003 GCHI (GTP Cyclohydrolase) activity correlates with
IDO induction Taylor
and Feng, 1991.
IFIT3 interferon-induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats
3 :Gene upregulated in the brains of mice after one year infection
by T.Gondii Hermes
et al, 2008
IFNG Interferon gamma: IFNG stimulated IDO activity in human astrocytes
inhibits the growth of Toxoplasma gondii Oberdörfer
et al, 2003
IFNGR1 interferon gamma receptor 1: and IFNGR2 plays a key role
in macrophage activation in response to T.Gondii and other parasites
Lykens
et al, 2010
IGES immunoglobulin E mediates killing of the parasite in macrophages
Vouldoukis
et al, 2011
IGTP interferon gamma induced GTPase: Plays a role in resistance
to T.Gondii Taylor
et al, 2000
IL1A increase in the number of tachyzoites in infected astrocytoma
cells Pelloux
et al, 1996
IL1B Expression markedly increased by infection of human retinal
pigment epithelial cells Nagineni
et al, 2000
IL1R1 – interleukin 1 receptor, type I : Blockade of IL1R1
signaling reduces Paneth cell depletion and T.gondii induced ileitis
in mice Villeret
et al, 2013.
IL1RL1 (IL33 receptor): IL33 receptor signalling prevents development
of encephalitis in infected mice .Jones
et al, 2010
IL2 Interleukin2 defeicient mice are more susceptible to infection
Villegas
et al, 2002
IL2RA Antibodies to IL2RA (CD25) enhance susceptibility to acute
but not chronic infection Couper
et al, 2009
IL2RB interleukin 2 receptor, beta chain : Mice treated with anti-IL-2R
beta antibody are resistant to infection Nakano
et al, 2001
IL3 Interleukin 3: TNF-alpha and prolactin increase the expression
of ICAM-1 and the production of endogenous IL-6 and IL-3 by microglia:
Related to potential anti-parasitic functions against T. gondii
infection in the brain. Benedetto
et al, 2001
IL3RA interleukin 3 receptor, alpha (low affinity): Delayed apoptosis
induced by tachzoites in fibroblasts correlates with up-regulation
of the neutrophil antiapoptotic protein, Mcl-1, and neutrophil IL3RA
Channon
et al, 2002
IL4 Interleukin 4: Splenic secretion increased by the T.Gondii
hsp70 protein Ahmed
et al, 2004 Secretion increased in infected human Müller
cells Knight
et al, 2006
IL4R interleukin 4 receptor: T.Gondii infection in macrophages
increases the expression of IL-4R, CD40, and CD23 via STAT6 Ahn
et al, 2009
IL5 has deleterious effects on pathology following oral infection
Nickdel
et al, 2001
IL6: Interleukin 6: IL-6 promotes natural killer cell production
of IL17 during toxoplasmosis.Passos
et al, 2010 Upregulated in infected human Müller cells
Knight
et al, 2006
IL6ST interleukin 6 signal transducer (gp130, oncostatin M receptor):
involved in the astrocytic control; of T.Gondii Drögemüller
et al, 2009
IL7 interleukin 7: Knockdown impairs CD8 T cell responses against
T. gondii.Bhadra
et al, 2010
IL8 interleukin 8: human intestinal epithelial cells infected
with T. gondii elicit show increased IL8 secretion related to rapid
MAPK phosphorylation and NF-kappaB nuclear translocation Ju
et al, 2009
IL11 Interleukin 11: IL6, IL-11, IL27, LIF, oncostatin M, ciliary
neurotrophic factor, B cell stimulating factor, and cardiotrophin-1
(IL6+ST ligands) are upregulated in the astrocytes of mice in toxic
encephalitis Drögemüller
et al, 2008
IL12A Interleukin 12: Parasite generated lipoxin A4 reduces IL12
secretion from dendritic cells Bannenberg
et al, 2004
IL12B interleukin 12B (natural killer cell stimulatory factor
2, cytotoxic lymphocyte maturation factor 2, p40): parasite-induced
Stat3 activation enhances production of interleukin IL6 and IL12B
Yamamoto
et al, 2009
IL13 Interleukin 13 enhances the anti-parasitic activity of LPS-activated
murine macrophages Authier
et al, 2008
IL15 see below:
IL15RA interleukin 15 receptor, alpha : treatment with soluble
IL15RA (to block the effects of IL15) reduces the ability of mice
to control a lethal infection Khan
et al, 2002
IL17A Interleukin 17: oral T. gondii infection increases IL17
expression and contributes to the inflammatory response, and IL-17
neutralization has a partial protective effect against fatal T.
gondii-associated inflammation .Guiton
et al, 2010
IL17RA interleukin 17 receptor A important for an optimal polymorphonuclear
response against Toxoplasma gondii infection in mice Kelly
et al, 2005.
IL18 interleukin 18 (interferon-gamma-inducing factor): upregulated
by infection in monocytes Witola
et al, 2011
IL18R1 interleukin 18 receptor 1: knockout modifies infection
in mice LaRosa
et al, 2008
IL19 interleukin 19 : Expression increased in trophoblasts following
maternal infection Xu
et al, 2012
IL21 – interleukin 21: Needed for an optimal antibody response
to T.Gondii infection Stumhofer
et al, 2013
IL22 interleukin 22 Anti-IL-22 Ab-treated mice developed significantly
less intestinal pathology after oral, but not intravenous or intraperitonel
infection Wilson
et al, 2010
IL23 mediates Toxoplasma gondii-induced immunopathology in the
gut via matrixmetalloproteinase-2 (MMP2) and IL22 Muñoz
et al, 2009
IL27 : IL11Interleukin 11: IL6, IL-11, IL27, LIF, oncostatin M,
ciliary neurotrophic factor, B cell stimulating factor, and cardiotrophin-1
(IL6+ST ligands) are upregulated in the astrocytes of mice in toxic
encephalitis Drögemüller
et al, 2008
IL33 Interleukin 33 : IL33 receptor signalling prevents development
of encephalitis in infected mice .Jones
et al, 2010
IMMT inner membrane mitochondrial protein: knockdown of two mitochondrial
intermembrane space bridging (MIB) complexcomponents, MIC60 (= IMMT)
and SAMM50, substantially reduces mitochondrial association with
the parasitophorous vacuole membrane Kelly
et al, 2017
INS Insulin stimulates T.gondi replication in 3T3-L1 cells Zhu
et al, 2006.
IRAK4 interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 4: TLR2, MyD88,
and IRAK4 mediate TgHSP70 signalling
Bela et al, 2012
IRF1 interferon regulatory factor 1: involved in the in induction
of the Trypotophan -Kynurenate metabolic pathway during acute infection
(see IDO1) Silva
et al, 2002
IRF3 interferon regulatory factor 3: essential for parasite-induced
IFNß production Melo
et al, 2013
IRG1 immunoresponsive 1 homolog (mouse):Intracranial priming and
rechallenging with Toxoplasma gondii in mice elicit neurotoxic CCR9+
Irg1+ (immunoresponsive gene 1) microglia Li
et al, 2006
IRGC immunity-related GTPase family, cinema: induces disruption
of the parasitophorous vacuole in macrophages:
Steinfeldt et al, 2010
IRGM immunity-related GTPase family, M (LRG-47) : Regulates T.Gondii
pathogenicity Collazo
et al, 2001
ITGA4 integrin, alpha 4 (antigen CD49D, alpha 4 subunit of VLA-4
receptor): Downregulated in macrophages post infection Da
Gama et al, 2004
ITGA5 integrin, alpha 5 (fibronectin receptor, alpha polypeptide)
: Processing in macrophages increased by infection Seipel
et al, 2010
ITGA6 integrin, alpha 6 integrin, beta 1 (fibronectin receptor,
beta polypeptide, antigen CD29 includes MDF2, MSK12) : A T.Gondii
laminin mediates binding to ITGA6/ ITGB1 Furtado
et al, 1992
ITGAL integrin, alpha L (antigen CD11A (p180), lymphocyte function-associated
antigen 1; alpha polypeptide) Downregulated in macrophages post
infection Da
Gama et al, 2004
ITGAM integrin, alpha M (complement component 3 receptor 3 subunit)
Confers resistanc to infection in mice Johnson
et al, 1996
ITGB1 involved in T.Gondii cellular attachment Joiner
1991
ITGB2 integrin, beta 2 (complement component 3 receptor 3 and
4 subunit ) Confers resistanc to infection in mice Johnson
et al, 1996
ITGB3 Processing in macrohages increased by infection Seipel
et al, 2010
JAK1 Janus kinase 1: IFNG does not induce INDO1 or antimicrobial
activity in JAK1 knockouts Cerávolo
et al, 1999
JAK2 Janus kinase 2: IFNG does not induce INDO1 or antimicrobial
activity in JAK2 knockouts Cerávolo
et al, 1999
JAK3 SERPINB3, B4, and B13 and SPINT2 expression is increased
by infection in macrophages via JAK3 and STAT6 Ahn
et al, 2009
JUN jun proto-oncogene: infection induces rapidly activates of
p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK14), extracellular signal-regulated
kinase 1 and 2,(MAPK3/MAPK1) and stress-activated protein kinase/c-Jun
N-terminal kinase (JUN), followed by their deactivation in mouse
macrophages Kim
et al, 2004
JUNB jun B proto-oncogene upregulated via serum response factor
in infected cells Wiley
et al, 2011
Kynurenic acid: levels increased by infection (see IDO1) Silva
et al, 2002
Kynurenine levels increased and tryptophan levels decreased in
lungs, brain, and serum from mice infected with T. gondii Silva
et al, 2002
Laminin receptors on host cells bind to laminin on the parasite
surface Joiner
1991
LAMP1 lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1: CD40 stimulation
increases T.Gondii killing in various cell lines; increases expression
of autophagy proteins Beclin 1 and LC3 II, enhanced autophagy flux
and leads to recruitment of MAP1LC3A and LAMP1 around the parasite
Van
Grol et al, 2013
LAMTOR1 late endosomal/lysosomal adaptor, MAPK and MTOR activator
1: interacts with parasite's MIC2 Wang
et al, 2014
LDLR Intracellular replication of Toxoplasma gondii requires cholesterol
uptake by LDLR Portugal
et al, 2008
Leukotriene B4: mast cells degranulate and release LTB4 when incubated
with T.Gondii: This damages the tachyzoites Henderson
and Chi, 1998
Leukotriene C4 synthesis is increased by infection in macrophages
Thardin
et al, 1993
Leukotriene D4 synthesis is increased by infection in macrophages
Thardin
et al, 1993
LGALS3 lectin, galactoside-binding, soluble, 3 : (galectin 3)
binds to Toxoplasma gondii glycosylphosphatidylinositols
Debierre-Grockiego et al, 2010
LGALS3BP lectin, galactoside-binding, soluble, 3 binding protein:
Gene upregulated in the brains of mice after one year infection
by T.Gondii Hermes
et al, 2008
LIF leukemia inhibitory factor: IL11Interleukin 11: IL6, IL-11,
IL27, LIF, oncostatin M, ciliary neurotrophic factor, B cell stimulating
factor, and cardiotrophin-1 (IL6+ST ligands) are upregulated in
the astrocytes of mice in toxic encephalitis Drögemüller
et al, 2008
LIGP1 (mouse) interferon inducible GTPase 1 phosphorylated by
T.Gondii ROP18 Steinfeldt
et al 2010
LPL Lipoprotein lipase: Muscle LPL activity is markedly reduced
in T. gondii-infected mice Picard
et al, 2002
LPO lactoperoxidase : Expression increased in trophoblasts following
maternal infection Xu
et al, 2012
LTA lymphotoxin alpha (TNF superfamily, member 1): Controls CNS
T.Gondii infection Schlüter
et al, 2003
LTK leukocyte receptor tyrosine kinase: Combined LTK TXK deletion
modifies adaptive immune responses to Toxoplasma gondii in vivo
Schaeffer
et al, 1999
LTB4R2 leukotriene B4 receptor 2: binds to T.Gondii GRA1 Ahn
et al, 2006
LTBR lymphotoxin beta receptor: essential for upregulation of
IFN-Induced Guanylate-Binding Proteins and Survival after T. gondii
Infection Behnke
et al, 2017
LTK leukocyte receptor tyrosine kinase: Combined deletion in mice
of LTK and TXK , causes defects in TCR responses and adaptive immune
responses to Toxoplasma gondii in vivo Schaeffer
et al, 1999
LUZP1 leucine zipper protein 1: binds to T.Gondii GRA15 protein
Liu
et al, 2017
LY96 lymphocyte antigen 96: Responds to lipopolysaccharide and
activates TLR4 Miller
et al, 2005
MAFB v-maf musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma oncogene homolog B
(avian) : Gene upregulated in the brains of mice after one year
infection by T.Gondii Hermes
et al, 2008
Malondialdehyde: Levels increased in trophoblasts following maternal
infection Xu
et al, 2012
MAP2K3 mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 3 ( MAPKK3, MEK3,
MKK3, PRKMK3) : involved in T.Gondii stimulated IL12 production
in macrophages Kim
et al, 2005
MAP1LC3A microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 alpha:
CD40 stimulation increases T.Gondii killing in various cell lines;
increases expression of autophagy proteins Beclin 1 and LC3 II,
enhanced autophagy flux and leads to recruitment of MAP1LC3A and
LAMP1 around the parasite Van
Grol et al, 2013
MAP1LC3 microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta :
MAP1LC3B, GABARAP and Atg16L1 recruited to parasitic vacuoles Clough
et al, 2016
MAP2K4 mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 4 (JNKK, JNKK1,
MAPKK4, MEK4, MKK4, PRKMK4, SEK1, SERK1) Activated by the parasite
in macrophages Kim
et al, 2006
MAP3K5 mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 5: activated
in trophoblasts following maternal infection Xu
et al, 2012
MAP3K7 mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 7: involved
in T.Gondii stimulated IL12 production in macrophages Kim
et al, 2005
MAP3K8 mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 8: regulates
host resistance Watford
et al, 2008
MAPK1: infection induces rapidly activates of p38 mitogen-activated
protein kinase (MAPK14), extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1
and 2,(MAPK3/MAPK1) and stress-activated protein kinase/c-Jun N-terminal
kinase (JUN) , followed by their deactivation in mouse macrophages
Kim
et al, 2004
MAPK3 infection induces rapidly activates of p38 mitogen-activated
protein kinase (MAPK14), extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1
and 2,(MAPK3/MAPK1) and stress-activated protein kinase/c-Jun N-terminal
kinase (JUN) MAPK, followed by their deactivation in mouse macrophages
Kim
et al, 2004
MAPK8 mitogen-activated protein kinase 8 (JNK): Knockdown of JNK,
CaMKKß, AMPK, or ULK1 prevents T. gondii killing in CD40-activated
macrophages Liu
et al, 2016
MAPK9 mitogen-activated protein kinase 9 (jnk2): Knockout enhances
resistance to T.Gondii Sukhumavasi
et al, 2010
MAPK14 mitogen-activated protein kinase 14 (p38): infection induces
rapidly activates of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK14),
extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2,(MAPK3/MAPK1) and
stress-activated protein ktf4inase/c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JUN)
MAPK, followed promptly by their deactivation in mouse macrophages
Kim
et al, 2004
MB myoglobin: Expression increased in trophoblasts following maternal
infection Xu
et al, 2012
MCL1 myeloid cell leukemia sequence 1 (BCL2-related): Delayed
apoptosis induced by tachzoites in fibroblasts correlates with up-regulation
of the neutrophil antiapoptotic protein, Mcl-1, and neutrophil IL3RA
Channon
et al, 2002
Melatonin and/or Zn supplementation may activate cellular immunity
by stimulating CD4+ and CD8+ production in T.Gondii infected rats
Baltaci
et al, 2003
Microfilaments become agglutinated upon infection and treatment
of cells with cytoskeleton inhibitors (colchicines, cytochalasin-D)
resulted in reduced cell infection ratios
Li et al, 2008
MIF macrophage migration inhibitory factor (also functions as
L-dopachrome isomerase (equivalent to EC 5.3.3.12 )) mediates resistance
against infection Flores
et al, 2010
The parasite also posesses it's own MIF with tautomerase activity
(catecholamine metabolism to quinones ) Sommerville
et al, 2013
miR-106b approximately 25: microRNA upregulated by infection Zeiner
et al, 2010
miR-17 approximately 92: microRNA upregulated by infection Zeiner
et al, 2010
MIR17HG miR-17-92 cluster host gene (non-protein coding): expression
increased and Bim expression decreased in TgCtwh3-strain-infected
macrophages Cai
et al, 2014.
miR-146a and miR-155 coinduced in the brains of mice challenged
with Toxoplasma strain II Cannella
et al, 2014
MMP2 matrix metallopeptidase 2 (gelatinase A, 72kDa gelatinase,
72kDa type IV collagenase): MMP2 and MMP9 upregulated by astroglial
infection Lu
and Lai, 2013
MMP8 matrix metallopeptidase 8 (neutrophil collagenase) : expression
increased in infiltrating lymphocytes in infected brains Clark
et al, 2011
MMP9 matrix metallopeptidase 9 (gelatinase B, 92kDa gelatinase,
92kDa type IV collagenase): secretion by macrophages upregulated
by infection Seipel
et al, 2010
MMP10 matrix metallopeptidase 10 (stromelysin 2): expression increased
in infiltrating lymphocytes in infected brains Clark
et al, 2011
MMP12 matrix metallopeptidase 12 (macrophage elastase): Serum
levels increased in pregnant women with toxoplasmosis, contribution
to increased elastin turnover Chou
and Lai, 2011
MMP14 upregulated by T.Gondii in macrophages and possibly involved
in the processing of pro-alpha v and pro-beta 3 to generate functional
mature integrin alpha v beta 3 molecules ITGA5, ITGB3 Seipel
et al, 2010
MRFAP1 Morf4 family associated protein 1 binds to T.Gondii GRA1
Ahn
et al, 2006
MT2A metallothionein 2A binds to T.Gondii GRA9 Ahn
et al, 2006
MYC v-myc avian myelocytomatosis viral oncogene homolog: Toxoplasma
tachyzoites mediate rapid and sustained induction of MYC Franco
et al, 2014
MYD88 myeloid differentiation primary response gene (88) plays
an important Toll receptor related role in pathogen defence
Denkers, 2010
N-acetylneuraminic acid : The parasite contains lectin mimcs that
bind to N-acetylneuraminic acid Friedrich
et al, 2010
N-Formylkynurenine : Suppresses T.Gondii growth but at high concentrations
Pfefferkorn
et al, 1986
NAIP NLR family, apoptosis inhibitory protein: Upregulated by
infection in mouse embryonic fibroblasts Molestina
et al, 2003
NAPRT1 nicotinate phosphoribosyltransferase domain containing
1: binds to T.Gondii GRA4 Ahn
et al, 2006
ND4 NADH dehydrogenase, subunit 4 (complex I): binds to T.Gondii
GRA10 Ahn
et al, 2006
NDST1 N-deacetylase/N-sulfotransferase (heparan glucosaminyl)
1: Cell surface heparan sulphate promotes T.Gondii replication and
infectivity is reduced in cells lacking NDST1 Bishop
et al, 2005
NFATC1: nuclear factor of activated T-cells, cytoplasmic, calcineurin-dependent
1: T.Gondii modifies nuclear translocation
Hague et al, 1998
NFATC3 nuclear factor of activated T-cells, cytoplasmic, calcineurin-dependent
3: activated by parasite's GRA6 protein Ma
et al, 2014
NFKB1 nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer
in B-cells 1, p105: IKK alpha localises to the parasitophorous vacuole
membrane activating NFKB1 Molestina
and Sinai, 2005
NFKB2 regulates apoptosis and T cell related immunity to T.Gondii
Caamaño
et al, 2000
NFKBIA nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer
in B-cells inhibitor, alpha: Mice transfected with an NFKBIA mutant
that resists degradation show an increased parasitic burden and
succumb rapidy to infection Tato
et al, 2003
Nitric oxide
NIT2 nitrilase family, member 2: binds to T.Gondii GRA8 Ahn
et al, 2006
NLRP1 NLR family, pyrin domain containing 1: silencing attenuates
progression of T. gondii infection Witola
et al, 2011 NLRP1 modifies susceptibility to congenital toxoplasmosis
Witola
et al, 2011
NLRP3 NLR family, pyrin domain containing 3: T.Gondii activates
NLRP1 and NLRP3 inflammasome Gorfu
et al, 2014
NOD2 nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 2 critical
for host defense against T. gondii.Shaw
et al, 2009
NOS1 Exogenous nitric oxide induces apoptosis in T.Gondii tachyzooites
Peng
et al, 2003
NOS2 nitric oxide synthase 2, inducible: CNS inflammation to T.Gondii
increased in knockout mice Silva
et al, 2009
NOX1 NADPH oxidase 1: Expression increased in trophoblasts following
maternal infection Xu
et al, 2012
NOX4 – NADPH oxidase 4 : expression reduced by infection
in retinal pigment epithelium cell line ARPE-19 Zhou
et al, 2013
NQO2 NAD(P)H dehydrogenase, quinone 2 : binds to T.Gondii GRA1
Ahn
et al, 2006
NR2E1 nuclear receptor subfamily 2, group E, member (TLX) : Enhancer
of STAT1-Mediated Transcription and Immunity to Toxoplasma gondii
Beiting
et al, 2015.
NR3C1 – nuclear receptor subfamily 3, group C, member 1
(glucocorticoid receptor): knockout mice more rapidly succumb to
infection despite displaying parasite burdens indistinguishable
from control animals Kugler
et al, 2013
NT5E 5'-nucleotidase, ecto (CD73): Adenosine generated by this
enzyme favours T.gondii differentiation to long-lived tissue cysts
in the central nervous system Mahamed
et al, 2012.
NUBP2 nucleotide binding protein 2 binds to T.Gondii GRA8 Ahn
et al, 2006
OCIAD1 OCIA domain containing 1: Interacts with the ROP18 kinase
Cheng
et al, 2012
OCLN Occludin : Alterations in epithelial permeability following
infection correlated with Tight junction structure and occludin
phosphorylation
OLR1 Gene upregulated in the brains of mice after one year infection
by T.Gondii Hermes
et al, 2008
OSM Oncostatin M , IL6, IL-11, IL27, LIF, OSM , CNTF, B cell stimulating
factor (IL4) , and cardiotrophin-1 (IL6+ST ligands) are upregulated
in the astrocytes of mice in toxic encephalitis Drögemüller
et al, 2008
P2RX7 purinergic receptor P2X, ligand-gated ion channel, 7: mediates
T.Gondii killing by macrophages Lees
et al, 2010
P2RY2 purinergic receptor P2Y, G-protein coupled, 2: premature
parasite egress may be mediated by the activation of P2RY2, P2RY4
and P2RY6 .Moreira-Souza
et al, 2015
P2RY4 pyrimidinergic receptor P2Y, G-protein coupled, 4: premature
parasite egress may be mediated by the activation of P2RY2, P2RY4
and P2RY6 .Moreira-Souza
et al, 2015
P2RY6 pyrimidinergic receptor P2Y, G-protein coupled, 6: premature
parasite egress may be mediated by the activation of P2RY2, P2RY4
and P2RY6 .Moreira-Souza
et al, 2015
PAF Platelet activating factor (1-0-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine):
activated by T.Gondii hsp70 via TLR4/MYD88 pathway Fang
et al, 2008
PAFAH1B1 platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase 1b, regulatory
subunit 1 (45kDa): Upregulated by infection. Fang
et al, 2008
PANX1 pannexin 1 : PANX1-hemichannels are an extracellular translocation
pathway for P. Gingivalis Nucleoside-diphosphate-kinase Atanasova
et al, 2016
PARP1 transiently decreased in host cells within 10 minutes after
infection Gais
et al, 2008
PARP14 poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase family, member 14: Gene upregulated
in the brains of mice after one year infection by T.Gondii Hermes
et al, 2008
PCBP1 poly(rC) binding protein 1: binds to T.Gondii GRA7 Ahn
et al, 2006
PCBP2 poly(rC) binding protein 2: binds to T.Gondii GRA10 Ahn
et al, 2006
PDCD1 programmed cell death 1 : T. gondii differentiation and
reactivation are mediated by systemic CD8 T-cell dysfunction during
chronic infection characterized by increased expression of inhibitory
receptor PDCD1 Bhadra
et al, 2011
PDCD6IP programmed cell death 6 interacting protein (=ALIX): rhoptry
neck proteins (RON2, RON4 and RON5) cooperate to recruit host CIN85
(=SH3KBP1), CD2AP and the ESCRT-I components ALIX and TSG101 to
the moving junction during invasion Guérin
et al, 2017
PDGFA platelet-derived growth factor alpha polypeptide: inhibits
intracellular growth in a virulent T. gondii strain Chumpitazi
et al, 1998
PDGFB platelet-derived growth factor beta polypeptide: inhibits
intracellular growth in a virulent T. gondii strain Chumpitazi
et al, 1998
PDK1 pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase, isozyme 1 Activatd by PIP3
following PI3K activation See Kegg
pathway
PLAU plasminogen activator, urokinase: Expression increased in
the spleen, liver, lung and small intestine of mice infected with
T. gondii Ismail
et al, 2012
PLAUR plasminogen activator, urokinase receptor Part of a multiprotein
conplex (MMP9, CD44 TIMP1 and PLAUR )secreted by infected macrophages
Schuindt
et al, 2011
PLA2G4A phospholipase A2, group IVA (cytosolic, calcium-dependent):
activated by T.Gondii hsp70 via TLR4/MYD88 pathway Fang
et al, 2008
PLCG1 involved in the activation of CCL2 scertion induced by infection
of astrocytoma cells Durand
et al, 2004
PMAIP1 phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate-induced protein 1 (Noxa)
: Expression increased by astrocyte infection in mice Contreras-Ochoa
et al, 2013
POP7 processing of precursor 7, ribonuclease P/MRP subunit: binds
to T.Gondii GRA9 Ahn
et al, 2006
Potassium : reduced cytoplasmic potassium levels following host
cell breakdown triggers Toxoplasma gondii egress Moudy
et al, 2001
PPIF peptidylprolyl isomerase F: (Cyclophilin-18) A T.Gondii protein
mimic that activates CCR5 Aliberti
et al, 2003
PPP1R2 protein phosphatase 1, regulatory (inhibitor) subunit 2
phosphorylated by T.Gondii TPK3, a glycogen synthase kinase mimic
Qin
et al, 1998
PPP2CA protein phosphatase 2, catalytic subunit, alpha isozyme:
binds to dense granule protein GRA16 Bougdour
et al, 2013
PRKCA Protein kinase C alpha : T. gondii acutely activates PKCalpha
and PKCbeta, which are required for infection-induced MAPK activation
and IL12 production Masek
et al, 2006.
Prostaglandin E2 synthesis is increased by infection in macrophages
Peng
et al, 2008
6-keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha synthesis is increased by infection
in macrophages Thardin
et al, 1993
PRSS1 protease, serine, 1 (trypsin 1) : inhibited by a T.Gondii
protease inhibitor (TgPI-1) Morris
et al, 2002
PSENEN presenilin enhancer gamma secretase subunit : binds to
T.Gondii GRA4 Ahn
et al, 2006
PSMA4 proteasome (prosome, macropain) subunit, alpha type, 4:
binds to T.Gondii GRA6 Ahn
et al, 2006
PSMB8 proteasome (prosome, macropain) subunit, beta type, 8 (large
multifunctional peptidase 7)critical for host defense against T.
gondii Tu
et al, 2009
PSMB9 proteasome (prosome, macropain) subunit, beta type, 9 (large
multifunctional peptidase 2); Gene upregulated in the brains of
mice after one year infection by T.Gondii Hermes
et al, 2008
PSME1 proteasome (prosome, macropain) activator subunit 1 (PA28
alpha): Gene upregulated in the brains of mice after one year infection
by T.Gondii Hermes
et al, 2008
PTGS2 prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (prostaglandin G/H
synthase and cyclooxygenase) activated by infection in macrophages
via a protein kinase C dependent pathway Peng
et al, 2008
PYCARD PYD and CARD domain containing: Infection of mice deficient
in NLRP3, caspase-1/11, IL-1R, or PYCARD decreased levels of circulating
IL18 and increased parasite replication, and death in mice Gorfu
et al, 2014
RAB7 recruited to the type II Toxoplasma vacuole in IFNG-stimulated
human umbilical vein cells .Clough
et al, 2016
RAB14 member RAS oncogene family: The parasite subverts host Golgi-derived
vesicles within the parasitophorous vacuole, marked with Rab14,
Rab30 or Rab43: Permits scavenging of host sphingolipids Romano
et al, 2013.
RAC1 – ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (rho family,
small GTP binding protein Rac1): RhoA and Rac1 GTPases from the
host cell accumulate on the parasitophorous vacuole membrane Na
et al, 2013
RANBP1 RAN binding protein 1: binds to T.Gondii GRA10 Ahn
et al, 2006
RBFOX2 RNA binding protein, fox-1 homolog (C. elegans) 2: (RBM9)
binds to T.Gondii GRA4 and GRA8 Ahn
et al, 2006
RBFOX3 RNA binding protein, fox-1 homolog 3:analysis of neurons
reveal changes in morphology including a reduction in dendritic
spines, VGlut1(SLC17A7) and NeuN (RBFOX3) following infectionimmunoreactivityDavid
et al, 2016
RNASEH2B ribonuclease H2, subunit B: interacts with parasite's
MIC2 Wang
et al, 2014
RPSA ribosomal protein SA: (Laminin receptor) binds to T.Gondii
GRA8 Ahn
et al, 2006
RPS6 ribosomal protein S6: Phosphorylated by infection via MTOR
Wang
et al, 2009
RPS6KB1 ribosomal protein S6 kinase, 70kDa, polypeptide 1: RSP6KB1
phosphorylation in response to insulin is blunted in infected cells:
the parasite does not increase RPS6KB1 phosphorylation Wang
et al, 2009
S100A1 S100 calcium binding protein A1: Gene upregulated in the
brains of mice after one year infection by T.Gondii Hermes
et al, 2008
SAMM50 SAMM50 sorting and assembly machinery component: knockdown
of two mitochondrial intermembrane space bridging (MIB) complexcomponents,
MIC60 (= IMMT) and SAMM50, substantially reduces mitochondrial association
with the parasitophorous vacuole membrane Kelly
et al, 2017
SEMA7A semaphorin 7A, GPI membrane anchor (John Milton Hagen blood
group) : Expression increased in the frontal cortex of female infected
mice Xiao
et al, 2012
SERPINB3 serpin peptidase inhibitor, clade B (ovalbumin), member
3 , B4, and B13 and SPINT2 expression is increased by infection
in macrophages via JAK3 and STAT6 Ahn
et al, 2009
SERPINB4 (serpin peptidase inhibitor, clade B (ovalbumin), member
4) expression is increased by infection in macrophages via JAK3
and STAT6 Ahn
et al, 2009
SERPINB13 serpin peptidase inhibitor, clade B (ovalbumin), member
13 : expression is increased by infection in macrophages via JAK3
and STAT6 Ahn
et al, 2009
SERPING1 serpin peptidase inhibitor, clade G (C1 inhibitor), member
1: Gene upregulated in the brains of mice after one year infection
by T.Gondii Hermes
et al, 2008
SFN Stratifin ( aka 14-3-3 sigma): Induced by infection in colonic
carcinoma cell line HCT-116 Monro,
2008
SGTA small glutamine-rich tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR)-containing,
alpha: binds to T.Gondii GRA5 Ahn
et al, 2006
SH3KBP1 SH3 domain containing kinase binding protein 1: rhoptry
neck proteins (RON2, RON4 and RON5) cooperate to recruit host CIN85
(=SH3KBP1), CD2AP and the ESCRT-I components ALIX and TSG101 to
the moving junction during invasion Guérin
et al, 2017
Sialic acid: Microneme proteins recognise sialic acid residues
on the host cell surface TgMIC1 showing a preference for alpha2-3-
over alpha2-6-linked sialyl-N-acetyllactosamine sequences and to
6'sulfo-sialyl Lewis(x): TgMIC13 prefers alpha2-9-linked disialyl
sequences reported on embryonal cells and also 4-O-acetylated-Sialates
found on gut epithelium Friedrich
et al, 2010 Numerous host receptors or cell surface proteins
possess sialic acid residues on their extracellular domains e.g
SIGLECS
(Wkipedia) (sialic acid binding Ig-like lectins) express extracellular
sialic acid residues. SIGLECS
(NCBI gene) include the Asialoglycoprotein receptors ASGR1
ASGR2 ·killer cell lectin-like receptor KLRD1 · Collectin
(Mannan-binding lectin) · Mannose receptor · proteochondroitin
sulfate (Aggrecan, Versican, Brevican, Neurocan) Calnexin ·
Calreticulin · CD22 · CD33 · Galectins ·
Myelin-associated glycoprotein ( MAG )· N-Acetylglucosamine
receptor · Selectins and Sialoadhesins (Functional
glycomics gateway)
SLC1A2 solute carrier family 1 member 2 (glutamate transporter)
:Astrocytic expression reduced by infection: analysis of neurons
reveal changes in morphology including a reduction in dendritic
spines, VGlut1(SLC17A7) and NeuN (RBFOX3) immunoreactivityDavid
et al, 2016
SLC3A2 solute carrier family 3 (activators of dibasic and neutral
amino acid transport), member 2: Interacts with the ROP18 kinase
Cheng
et al, 2012
SLC7A2 solute carrier family 7 (cationic amino acid transporter,
y+ system), member 2: Knockout mice are more susceptible to T.gondi
Thompson
et al, 2008
SLC10A3 solute carrier family 10 (sodium/bile acid cotransporter
family), member 3: binds to T.Gondii GRA10 Ahn
et al, 2006
SLC11A1 (nramp1) solute carrier family 11 (proton-coupled divalent
metal ion transporters), member 1(iron and manganese transporter
) regulates mortality in mice following infection Evans
et al, 2001
SLC17A7 solute carrier family 17 member 7 : analysis of neurons
reveal changes in morphology including a reduction in dendritic
spines, VGlut1(SLC17A7) and NeuN (RBFOX3) following infectionimmunoreactivityDavid
et al, 2016
SLC38A2 solute carrier family 38, member 2: parasite depends on
glutamine and alters infected host bone marrow derived immune cell
migration via and CXCR4 pathways Lee
et al, 2014.
SLIT1 slit homolog 1 (Drosophila) : Expression increased in the
frontal cortex of male infected mice Xiao
et al, 2012
SLPI secretory leukocyte peptidase inhibitor: Gene upregulated
in the brains of mice after one year infection by T.Gondii Hermes
et al, 2008
SMAD2 SMAD family member 2: Infection produves SMAD2 nuclear translocation
in microglia Rozenfeld
et al, 2005
SOCS1 suppressor of cytokine signaling 1: SOCS1 overexpression
in macrophages does not affect tachyzoite proliferation but abolishes
the inhibitory effects of IFNG on parasite replication Zimmermann
et al, 2006.
SOCS3 suppressor of cytokine signaling 3: Regulates innate immune
resistance to T.Gondii Whitmarsh
et al, 2011
SOD1 superoxide dismutase 1, soluble: The H2O2 or superoxide generated
by host catalase or superoxide dismutase are per se insufficient
to kill T.Gondii, but provide the substrates necessary to generate
the products (hydroxy and other radicals) that are efficient microbicidals
Murray
and Cohn, 1979.
SRF Serum Response Factor: Toxoplasma infection leads to the rapid
activation of Serum Response Factor Wiley
et al, 2011
SPINT2 serine peptidase inhibitor, Kunitz type, 2 SPINT2, SERPINB3,
B4, and B13 expression is increased by infection in macrophages
via JAK3 and STAT6 Ahn
et al, 2009
SQSTM1 (p62) sequestosome 1: interferon-gamma stimulates ubiquitin
and p62 recruitment to T. gondii parasitophorous vacuoles Lee
et al, 2015
SSRP1 structure specific recognition protein 1: interacts with
Protein Phosphatase 2C of Toxoplasma Gondii Gao
et al, 2014
STAT1 signal transducer and activator of transcription 1, 91kDa:
IFNG activates STAT1 which is involved in antimicrobial effects:
STAT1 knockout mice are less able to deal with T.Gondii Lieberman
et al, 2004
ST3GAL1 ST3 beta-galactoside alpha-2,3-sialyltransferase 1: reduced
survival rates to T.Gondii in ST3GAL1 knockout mice Nishikawa
et al, 2013
STAT3 signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (acute-phase
response factor): activated by ROP16 Yamamoto
et al, 2009
STAT6 signal transducer and activator of transcription 6, interleukin-4
induced: phosphorylated by T.Gondii ROP16 Ong
et al, 2010: . binds to T.Gondii GRA10 Ahn
et al, 2006
Sulphated proteaglycans are used for cellular attachment : Attachment
to host cells was disrupted by high doses of a variety of sulfated
polysaccharides, including heparin, de-N-sulfated heparin, and heparan
sulfate Carruthers
et al, 2000.
SYNE2 spectrin repeat containing, nuclear envelope 2: binds to
T.Gondii GRA6 Ahn
et al, 2006
TAB1 TGF-beta activated kinase 1/MAP3K7 binding protein 1 : Activated
by T.Gondii downstream of TRAF6 in macrophages Leng
et al, 2009
TAB2 TGF-beta activated kinase 1/MAP3K7 binding protein 2 : Activated
by T.Gondii downstream of TRAF6 in macrophages Leng
et al, 2009
TAB3 TGF-beta activated kinase 1/MAP3K7 binding protein 3: Involved
in T.Gondii stimulated IL12 production in macrophages Kim
et al, 2005
TAF1B TATA box binding protein (TBP)-associated factor, RNA polymerase
I, B, 63kDa: binds to T.Gondii GRA10 Ahn
et al, 2007
TAP1 transporter 1, ATP-binding cassette, sub-family B (MDR/TAP):
regulates natural killer cell IFNG production following infection
Goldszmid
et al, 2007
Testosterone: infected men to have a higher concentration of testosterone
and infected women to have a lower concentration of testosterone
than Toxoplasma-free controls Flegr
et al, 2008
TAP2 transporter 2, ATP-binding cassette, sub-family B (MDR/TAP):
Gene upregulated in the brains of mice after one year infection
by T.Gondii Hermes
et al, 2008
TBCCD1 TBCC domain containing 1: Toxoplasma gondii replication
rate decreases in cells over-expressing TBCCD1 but not in TBCCD1-depleted
cells Cardoso
et al, 2014
TBXAS1 thromboxane A synthase 1 (platelet): Thromboxane inhibion
of T.Gondii growth is blocked by thromoxane syntase iunhibition
Yong
et al, 1991
TDO2 tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase: Exerts antimicrobial effects
Schmidt
et al, 2009
TFF2 Trefoil factor 2: negatively regulates Type 1 Immunity against
T.gondii McBerry
et al, 2012
TFRC Transferrin receptor T. gondii infection results in increased
activity in the iron response protein IRP1 which stabilizes transferrin
receptor TFRC mRNA from degradation
Gail et al, 2004
Tgtp1 (mouse) T-cell specific GTPase 1 phosphorylated by ROP18
Fentress
et al, 2010
TH Tyrosine hydroxylase (parasitic) Infection
increases dopamine metabolism, an effect likely mediated by the
parasites' own tyrosine hydroxylase converting tyrosine to L-DOPA,
then converted to dopamine by host DOPA decarboxylase (DDC) Prandovszky
et al, 2011 Monoamines: Mice with acute infections showed increased
brain homovanillic acid levels: dopamine levels were unchanged.
Norepinephrine levels were reduced.. Dopamine levels were 14% higher
in the mice with chronic infections than controls. Serotonin and
5-HIAA levels were not altered in infected mice Stibbs,
1985.
Thyroxine: A rapid decline in serum thyroxine (T4) levels is seen
in T.Gondii infected mice Stahl
W, Kaneda, 1998
TIMM13 translocase of inner mitochondrial membrane 13 homolog
(yeast) : binds to T.Gondii GRA4 Ahn
et al, 2006
TIMM50 translocase of inner mitochondrial membrane 50 homolog
(S. cerevisiae): binds to T.Gondii GRA4 Ahn
et al, 2006
TIMP1 TIMP metallopeptidase inhibitor 1 regulates parasite clearance
in the brain
Clark et al, 2011
TIMP2 TIMP metallopeptidase inhibitor 2: Secretion decreased by
infection Buache
et al, 2007
TJP1 tight junction protein 1 (zona occludens 1): Involved in
the regulation of epithelial tight junctions that control T.Gondii
infection Dalton
et al, 2006
TK1 thymidine kinase 1, soluble: binds to T.Gondii GRA4 and GRA8
Ahn
et al, 2006
TLR2 toll-like receptor 2 and TLR4 Activated by glycosylphosphatidylinositols
derived from Toxoplasma gondii.Debierre-Grockiego
et al, 2007
TLR4 toll-like receptor 4: mediates signalling by T.Gondi heat
shock prottein TgHSP70 Mub
et al, 2005
TLR5 toll-like receptor 5 : T.Gondii Profilin Triggers TLR5 dependent
cytokine production Salazar
Gonzalez et al, 2014.
TLR9 toll-like receptor 9: : involved in the intestinal immune
response following oral infection Minns
et al, 2006
TLR11 toll-like receptor 11: binds to T.Gondii profilin Kucera
et al, 2010
TMSB10 thymosin beta 10: binds to T.Gondii GRA7 Ahn
et al, 2006
TNF tumor necrosis factor alpha: induced by T.Gondii Glycosylphosphatidylinositols
in macrophages Debierre-Grockiego
et al, 2003
TNFRSF1A tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, member 1a:
CNS inflammation to T.Gondii increased in knockout mice Silva
et al, 2009
TNFRSF1B tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, member 1b:
Mice succumb to a fulminant necrotizing encephalitis in double TNFRSF1a/b
knockout mice Yap
et al, 1998
TOR1AIP1 torsin A interacting protein 1: Interacts with the ROP18
kinase Cheng
et al, 2012
TP53 tumor protein p53: GRA16 alters p53 levels in a HAUSP (USP7)
-dependent manner and induces nuclear translocation of the PP2A
holoenzyme Bougdour
et al, 2013
TPST2 tyrosylprotein sulfotransferase 2: Interacts with the ROP18
kinase Cheng
et al, 2012
TPYSL2 TSPY-like 2 (CDA1) : Overexpression limits the growth of
T.Gondii Radke
et al, 2006
TRA@ T cell receptor alpha : Knockout modifieds infection in mice
Lee et al,1999
TRAF6 TNF receptor-associated factor 6 :regulates the production
of IL12 by macrophages in response to Toxoplasma gondii.Mason
et al, 2004
TRB@ . Purified human CD4+ alpha beta T cells but not CD8+ alpha
beta T cells proliferate in response to T. gondii Subauste
et al, 1998
TRD@: Mice treated with anti-TCR-gamma delta monoclonal antibody
are more susceptible to infection Nakano
et al, 2001
TRG@: Mice treated with anti-TCR-gamma delta monoclonal antibody
are more susceptible to infection Nakano
et al, 2001
TRIM21 tripartite motif containing 21 : critical for survival
of Toxoplasma gondii infection and localises to GBP-positive parasite
vacuoles Foltz
et al, 2017
TRPC6 transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily C,
member 6: activates host calpain resuling in proteolysis of the
host cytoskeleton allowing parasite release Millholland
et al, 2013
TSEN34 tRNA splicing endonuclease 34 homolog (S. cerevisiae) :
binds to T.Gondii GRA4 Ahn
et al, 2006
TSG101 tumor susceptibility 101: rhoptry neck proteins (RON2,
RON4 and RON5) cooperate to recruit host CIN85 (=SH3KBP1), CD2AP
and the ESCRT-I components ALIX and TSG101 to the moving junction
during invasion Guérin
et al, 2017
Tubulins (many possibilities in relation to precise gene symbols
) TgICMAP1 binds to microtubules and tubulins Heaslip
et al, 2009 (Host cell invasion by Toxoplasma gondii is temporally
regulated by the host microtubule cytoskeleton. Sweeney
et al, 2010 )
TUBG1 tubulin, gamma 1 associates with the parasitophorous vacuole
Walker
et al, 2008
TXK TXK tyrosine kinase: Combined deletion in mice of LTK and
TXK , causes defects in TCR responses and adaptive immune responses
to Toxoplasma gondii in vivo Schaeffer
et al, 1999
TYK2 tyrosine kinase 2: Involved in the immune challenge to T.Gondii
Shaw
et al, 2006
UCP1 uncoupling protein 1 (mitochondrial, proton carrier): Expression
reduced following infection in vivo Arsenijevic
et al, 2001
UCP2 uncoupling protein 2 (mitochondrial, proton carrier): Knockout
mice are resistant to infection Arsenijevic
et al, 2000
UHRF1 ubiquitin-like with PHD and ring finger domains 1: T,Gondii
exploits UHRF1 and induces host cell cycle arrest at G2 to enable
its proliferation Brunet
et al, 2008.
ULK1 unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1: Knockdown of JNK,
CaMKKß, AMPK, or ULK1 prevents T. gondii killing in CD40-activated
macrophages Liu
et al, 2016
UNC93B1 unc-93 homolog B1 protects against infection Melo
et al, 2010
USP7 ubiquitin specific peptidase 7 (herpes virus-associated):
binds to dense granule protein GRA16 Bougdour
et al, 2013
VCAM1 vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 : Plays an important role
in T.Gondii cerebral infection Deckert
et al, 2003
Vitamin D: 1,25(OH)2D3 inhibits the intracellular growth Toxoplasma
gondii in vitro and in vivo Rajapakse
et al, 2007
But: it also induces splenocyte apoptosis and enhances the
sensitivity of BALB/c mice to toxoplasmosis.Rajapakse
et al, 2005. 1,25(OH)2D3: Acts via VDR
which plays an important role in immune defense, inter alia.
Vitamin E: dietary supplementation with vitamin E and selenium
resulted in a tendency for increased tissue cyst number, tissue
pathology, and weight loss during infection. Mice fed a deficient
diet (complete absence of vitamin E and selenium) showed the lowest
mean numbers of tissue cysts and very little evidence of tissue
pathology during chronic infection McCarthy
and Davis, 2003
DCAF7 ( ex WDR68) DDB1 and CUL4 associated factor 7 binds to T.Gondii
GRA4 Ahn
et al, 2006
XDH Xanthine oxidase : The parasite is sentitive to free radical
killing and to the products of xanthine oxidase which generates
many radical species: The parasite does however express catalase,
superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase which afford protection
against host radical attack Hughes
et al, 1989
YWHAB tyrosine 3-monooxygenase/tryptophan 5-monooxygenase activation
protein, beta polypeptide: Induced by infection in colonic carcinoma
cell line HT-29 Monro,
2008
YWHAH tyrosine 3-monooxygenase/tryptophan 5-monooxygenase activation
protein, eta polypeptide : Induced by infection in colonic carcinoma
cell line HCT-116 Monro,
2008
YWHAQ tyrosine 3-monooxygenase/tryptophan 5-monooxygenase activation
protein, theta polypeptide: Induced by infection in colonic carcinoma
cell line HCT-116 Monro,
2008
Toxoplasma gondii depends on the purine-salvage pathway for its
purine supply Chaudhary
et al, 2004: Genes involved in this network include:-
ADA adenosine deaminase
ADK adenosine kinase
AMPD1 adenosine monophosphate deaminase 1
AMPD2 adenosine monophosphate deaminase 2
AMPD3 adenosine monophosphate deaminase 3
APRT adenine phosphoribosyltransferase
DCK deoxycytidine kinase
DGUOK deoxyguanosine kinase
FPGT fucose-1-phosphate guanylyltransferase
GMPR guanosine monophosphate reductase
GMPR2 guanosine monophosphate reductase 2
HPRT1 hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase 1
PNP purine nucleoside phosphorylase
TYMP thymidine phosphorylase
Toxoplasma gondii sequesters lysosomes from mammalian hosts in
the vacuolar space Coppens
et al, 2006.
T.Gondii infection can lead to elimination of Paneth
cells of the small intestine producing a loss of antimicrobial
peptides and uncontrolled expansion of the Enterobacteriaceae family
of Gram-negative bacteria Raetz
et al, 2013.
Compounds exerting cytotoxic effects against T.Gondii
Artemisinin and various derivatives inhibit T.Gondii growth Hencken
et al, 2010
Aureobasidin A, an inhibitor of the enzyme synthesizing the sphingolipid
inositol phosphorylceramide, which is present in fungi, plants,
and some protozoa but absent in mammalian cells, was found to block
in vitro T. gondii replication without affecting host cell metabolism
Sonda
et al, 2005.
Dimethylethanolamine inhibits parasite phosphatidylcholine synthesis
and arrests growth Gupta
et al, 2005
13-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid, a platelet derived product of
linoleic acid Henderson
and Chi, 1992
Flurazepam and PK11195 exert toxic effects on T.Gondii (peripheral
benzodiazepine receptor ligands) Dzierszinski
et al, 2002
Dopamine stimulates the growth of tachyzoites in human fibroblasts
and rat brain cells Strobl
et al, 2012
Microarray data: Several hundred mRNA's are modified by T.Gondii
infection in various models: The "top hits" , self-organising
maps or clusters are reported here as defined by the authors.
Microarray analysis of T.Gondii infection in human cells
Blader IJ, Manger ID, Boothroyd JC. Microarray analysis reveals
previously
unknown changes in Toxoplasma gondii-infected human cells (Human foreskin
fibroblasts).J
Biol Chem. 2001, 276(26):24223-31.
Modulation of the host cell proteome by the intracellular apicomplexan
parasite Toxoplasma gondii. Nelson MM, Jones AR, Carmen JC, Sinai
AP, Burchmore R, Wastling JM.: Infect
Immun. 2008 Feb;76(2):828-44
Impaired Chromatin Remodelling at STAT1-Regulated Promoters
Leads to Global Unresponsiveness of Toxoplasma gondii-Infected Macrophages
to IFN-gamma Christine Lang,1 Anke Hildebrandt, Franziska Brand, Lennart
Opitz, Hassan Dihazi, and Carsten G. K. Lüder Plos
Pathogens ,2012
Modification by T.Gondii of interferon inducible genes in
bone marrow derived macrophages:
Parasite increased the stimulatory effects of interferon
on the expression of :-
Sex-specific changes in gene expression and behavior induced
by chronic Toxoplasma infection in mice.Xiao J, Kannan G,
Jones-Brando L, Brannock C, Krasnova IN, Cadet JL, Pletnikov M, Yolken
RH
Neuroscience. 2012 Mar 29;206:39-48. Epub 2012 Jan 3
Frontal cortex expression
Upregulated in male mice ABLIM1 AQP1 BMP6 GLIS2 KCNV2 OLFR1436 OLFR564
SLIT1 TAS2R140
Upregulated in female mice NODAL OLFR10 OLFR1404 OLFR142 OLFR156 OLFR622
PDYN PPEF2 RDH8 SEMA7A SMARCD1 TACC3 TNFRSF12A
Downregulated in male mice ARSB DPYSL2 DRD4 FOXN4 OLFR1496 OLFR207
OLFR213 OLFR373 OLFR47 OLFR485 OLFR493 OLFR670
Downregulated in female mice CHL1 EYA1 FABP7 MYC SOX2
Differential Effects of Three Canonical Toxoplasma Strains
on Gene Expression in Human Neuroepithelial Cells Jianchun Xiao, Lorraine
Jones-Brando, C. Conover Talbot, Jr., Robert H. Yolken
Infect Immun. 2011 March; 79(3): 1363–1373
Downregulated in the forebrain APAF1, NDE1, BBS2, RAX, IFT88, NOTCH3,
ATP7A, BBS4, MKKS, APLP1, and
DRD1 Fownregulated in the hindbrain MAFB, IGF1, MYO16, ATP7A, and
GAS1
Meta-analysis: Significant odds ratios (ORs) with IgG antibodies
were found in schizophrenia (OR 1.81, P < 0.00001), bipolar disorder
(OR 1.52, P = 0.02), obsessive–compulsive disorder (OR 3.4,
P < 0.001), and addiction (OR 1.91, P < 0.00001), but not
for major depression (OR 1.21, P = 0.28) Sutterland
et al,2015
Significant relationships between T. gondii seropositivity and
Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression score), in women veterans
Duffy
et al, 2015
Suicide attempts in psychiatric patients with mood disorders have
been associated with T.Gondii seropositivity Arling
et al, 2009
Suicide attempts in psychiatric patients with mood disorders have
been associated with T.Gondii seropositivity Arling
et al, 2009
Brain cancer risk is elevated in countries with a high incidence
of Toxoplasmosis Thomas
et al, 2011
High T.Gondii seropositivity has been reported in Alzheimer's
disease Kusbeci
et al, 2011
Mollaret meningitis may be caused by cerebral T.Gondii reactivation
Prandota,
2009 as well as migraine with opened foramen ovale Prandota,
2010
High seropositivity to T.Gondii has been reported in Parkinson's
disease Miman
et al, 2010
Toxoplasmosis may contribute to the development of autoimmune
diseases including anti-phospholipid syndrome , cryoglobulinemia,
ANCA-associated vasculitides, autoimmune thyroid disease, systemic
sclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis Shapira
et al, 2012
Antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii, Helicobacter pylori, Epstein-Barr
virus, cytomegalovirus, alone or in varying permutations have been
observed in primary biliary cirrhosis Shapira
et al, 2012
Multiple sclerosis : T. gondii infection may have a protective
effect in multiple sclerosis Koskderelioglu
et al, 2017
T.Gondii antibodies have been associated with irritable bowel
syndrome Lidar
et al, 2009
Toxoplasmosis--a global threat. Correlation of latent toxoplasmosis
with specific disease burden in a set of 88 countries A revion
the association of Toxoplasmosis with numerous diseases Flegr
et al, 2014.