ACTR2 ARP2 actin-related protein 2 homolog : phagocytosis of Borrelia
burgdorferi by primary human macrophages is controlled by CDC42
and Rac1 and involves recruitment of Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein
and the Arp2/3 complex Linder
et al, 2001
ACTR3 ARP3 actin-related protein 3 homolog: phagocytosis of Borrelia
burgdorferi by primary human macrophages is controlled by CDC42
and Rac1 and involves recruitment of Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein
and the Arp2/3 complex Linder
et al, 2001
ADM adrenomedullin: B. burgdorferi increases the production of
adrenomedullin, which negatively regulates the B. burgdorferi-stimulated
inflammatory response Marre
et al, 2010
AKT1 v-akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog 1 : B. burgdorferi
activation of MyD88 or TLR3/TRIF signaling resulted in increased
activity of AKT1 and PI3K in bone marrow derived macrophages Shin
et al, 2009.
ALOX5 arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase: ALOX5 and ALOX5AP mRNA induced
in joints of Lyme arthritis-susceptible C3H/HeJ mice infected with
Borrelia burgdorferi, leukotriene B(4) was produced Blaho
et al, 2011
ALOX5AP arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein: ALOX5
and ALOX5AP mRNA induced in joints of Lyme arthritis-susceptible
C3H/HeJ mice infected with Borrelia burgdorferi, leukotriene B(4)
was produced Blaho
et al, 2011
AP3B1 adaptor related protein complex 3 beta 1 subunit : required
for trafficking TLR2 purified ligands or Borrelia burgdorferi, to
LAMP-1 lysosomal compartments
APOB prevents the proinflammatory activity of Borrelia OspA and
E. coli LPS in macrophages: APOA1, APOE2 and APOE3 are also effective
but less so Bas
et al, 2010
APP amyloid beta (A4) precursor protein: Borrelia burgdorferi
spirochetes and LPS induce beta-amyloid deposition and tau phosphorylation
in mammalian glial and neuronal cells in vitro Miklossy
et al, 2006
ATG7 autophagy related 7 : ATG7-deficient mice that were intra-articular
injected with Borrelia spirochetes displayed increased joint swelling,
cell influx, and enhanced interleukin-1ß and interleukin-6
production by inflamed synovial tissue Buffen
et al, 2016
BMP2 bone morphogenetic protein 2: binds to borrelia CRASP1 protein
Hallström
et al, 2010
BPI bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein : B. burgdorferi
are killed by elastase, LL-37, BPI, and human neutrophil peptide-1
(DEFA1) Lusitani
et al, 2002
CAMP cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide (LL37) B. burgdorferi
are killed by elastase, CAMP , BPI, and human neutrophil peptide-1
(DEFA1) Lusitani
et al, 2002
C1Q complement component 1, q subcomponent: Complement C1 ( C1QA
C1QB, C1QC) bactericidal activity diminished in properdin-deficient
sera as well as in a C1q- or C4-deficient serum van
Dam et al, 1997
C3 complement component 3: C3, C6, and the terminal complement
complex are deposited on the spirochete Kraiczy
et al, 2001
C4 complement component 4 (C4A C4B) : complement components C3,
C4 and C6 are deposited on the surface of Borrelia isolates VS116
and Bv9, and the membrane attack complex ( C5b, C6, C7, and C8)
forms on their surface Schwab
et al, 2013
C4BPA complement component 4 binding protein, alpha: Binds to
B.burgdorferi Pietikäinen
et al, 2010
C5 complement component 5 : Binds to the spirochete Kochi
et al, 1991
C6 complement component 6: C3, C6, and TCC are deposited on the
spirochete Kraiczy
et al, 2001
C7 – complement component 7: Borrelial CspA binds the human
terminal complement components C7 and C9 and blocks assembly and
membrane insertion of the terminal complement complex Hallström
et al, 2013
C8A and C8B: complement component 8 antibody-sensitized borreliae
bind C3, C8 and C9 Kochi
et al, 1991
C9 – complement component 9: Borrelial CspA binds the human
terminal complement components C7 and C9 and blocks assembly and
membrane insertion of the terminal complement complex Hallström
et al, 2013
CASP1 caspase 1, apoptosis-related cysteine peptidase : Borrelia
species induce inflammasome activation and IL17 production via caspase-1-Oosting
et al, 2011.
CASP3 caspase 3 apoptosis-related cysteine peptidase : CASP3 dependent
apoptosis activated by the spirochete in oligodendrocytes Ramesh
et al, 2012
CCL1 chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 1 : CCL1, CCL2 and CCL5 and
CXCL1 induced by exposing chondrocytes to Borrelia protein BbHtrA
in vitro Russell
et al, 2013
CCL2 – chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2: Live B. burgdorferi
induced elevated levels of IL6, IL8 and CCL2 in human Schwann cell
and dorsal root ganglion cultures Ramesh
et al, 2013
CCL3 chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 3: IL6 and IL8, CCL2 (MCP-1),
CCL3 (MIP-1alpha), CCL4 (MIP-1beta) and CCL5 (RANTES) released from
cultured microglia by B. burgdorferi Myers
et al, 2009
CCL4 chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 4 : released from cultured microglia
by B. burgdorferi Myers
et al, 2009
CCL5 chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5: CCL1, CCL2 and CCL5 and CXCL1
induced by exposing chondrocytes to Borrelia protein BbHtrA in vitro
Russell
et al, 2013
CCL7 chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 7 : B. burgdorferi and IFN-gamma
(in primary human endothelial cells ) synergistically increase the
expression of chemokines. , of which CCL7, CCL8, CX3CL1, CXCL9,
CXCL10, and CXCL11 attract T lymphocytes, and CXCL2 is specific
for neutrophils Dame
et al, 2007.
CCL8 chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 8 : see above Dame
et al, 2007.
CCL12 IFN-gamma and B. burgdorferi (in murine macrophages) synergistically
induced chemoattractants for mononuclear cells (CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL11,
CXCL16, and CCL12) and decreased those for neutrophils (CXCL1, CXCL2,
and CXCL3). IFN-gamma and B. burgdorferi also synergistically enhanced
secretion of CXCL9 and CXCL10 by murine cardiac endothelial cells
Sabino
et al, 2011
CCR2 CCR2(-/-) mice (C3H/HeJ strain) have severe inflammation
but a decreased B. burgdorferi burden compared to wild type mice
both at peak disease and during resolution Montgomery
et al, 2007
CCR7 chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 7 ; upregulated in immune
dendritic cells by infection Love
et al, 2014
CD1A CD1B CD1C molecules: Borrelia burgdorferi triggers the appearance
of group 1 CD1 proteins (CD1a, CD1b and CD1c) on human myeloid dendritic
cells Yakimchuk
et al, 2011
CD1D molecule CD1d deficiency impairs murine host defense against
the spirochete Kumar
et al, 2000
CD14 molecule: Induction of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines
(IL1B, IL6, IL10) by Borrelia burgdorferi lipoproteins in monocytes
is mediated by CD14 Giambartolomei
et al, 1999.
CD28 molecule: IL-4 production by T cells in B. burgdorferi-infected
BALB/c mice is dependent upon CD86/CD28 interaction Shanafelt
et al, 1998
CD28 expression by mouse mast cells is modulated by lipopolysaccharide
and outer surface protein A lipoprotein from Borrelia burgdorferi
Marietta
et al, 1997.
CD40 CD40 molecule, TNF receptor superfamily member 5 : OspA of
neuroinvasive Borrelia, but not of a non-neuroinvasive strain, binds
to CD40 Pulzova
et al, 2011
CD59 CD59 molecule, complement regulatory protein : Serum-resistant
strains of Borrelia burgdorferi express a CD59-like complement inhibitory
molecule Pausa
et al, 2003.
CD69 molecule : T cell activation markers CD25 (IL2RA) , CD69
and CD71 (TFRC) induced by B.Burgdorferi outer surface protein C
Salazar
et al, 2005
CD80 molecule: combined CD80/CD86 blockade resulted in preferential
expansion of IFN-gamma-producing T cells in B. burgdorferi infection
Shanafelt
et al, 1998
CD83 molecule : upregulated in immune dendritic cells by infection
Love
et al, 2014
CD86 molecule: in the presence of Borrelia burgdorferi, synovial
Vdelta1 T cells from Lyme arthritis synovial fluid potently induce
maturation of DC, including production of IL-12, and increased surface
expression of CD40 and CD86 Collins
et al, 2005
CD163L1 CD163 molecule-like : acts as a hybrid pattern recognition
receptor and TCR coreceptor, and interacts with Leptospira spp.
and Borrelia burgdorferi, but not with Escherichia coli or Staphylococcus
aureus Hsu
et al, 2015 .
CDC42 cell division cycle 42: phagocytosis of Borrelia burgdorferi
by primary human macrophages is controlled by CDC42 and Rac1 and
involves recruitment of Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein and the
Arp2/3 complex Linder
et al, 2001
CDH1 cadherin 1, type 1, E-cadherin (epithelial) : partially degraded
by a Borrelia protease Russell
and Johnson, 2013
CEBPB CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP), beta: Induced by
spirochete infection in mouse macrophages Gautam
et al, 2012
CFB complement factor B: Expression modified by B.Burgdorferi
but not B. afzelii or B. garinii in fibroblasts Geca
et al, 2012
CFH – complement factor H: binds to Borrelia burgdorferi
Meri
et al, 2013
CFHR1 complement factor H-related 1: binds to 3 borrelial surface
proteins (CRASP-3, -4, and -5) Haupt
et al, 2007
CFP complement factor properdin: bactericidal activity diminished
in properdin-deficient sera as well as in a C1q- or C4-deficient
serum van
Dam et al, 1997
CHUK conserved helix-loop-helix ubiquitous kinase: B. burgdorferi
induces nuclear translocation of NF-kappa B and a transient increase
in the expression of its inhibitor I kappa B-alpha (CHUK) (human
endothelial cells, keratinocytes, and fibroblasts).
CSF2 colony stimulating factor 2 (granulocyte-macrophage): Release
from Peripheral blood mononuclear cells stimulated by the spirochete
Peripheral blood mononuclear cells Schempp
et al, 1993
COL1A1 collagen, type I, alpha 1: Borrelia protein CRASP-1 binds
to human collagen types I (COL1A1/COL1A2, III (COL3A1) , and IV
(COL4A1 to 4A6 ) Hallström
et al, 2010
COL6A1 collagen, type VI, alpha 1 (heterodimerises with COL6A2
and COL6A3) binds to the borrelia BBA33 lipoprotein Zhi
et al, 2015
CX3CL1 chemokine (C-X3-C motif) ligand 1 (fractalkine) : B. burgdorferi
and IFN-gamma (in primary human endothelial cells ) synergistically
increase the expression of chemokines. , of which CCL7, CCL8, CX3CL1,
CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11 attract T lymphocytes, and CXCL2 is specific
for neutrophils Dame
et al, 2007.
CXCL1 chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 (melanoma growth stimulating
activity, alpha): CCL1, CCL2 and CCL5 and CXCL1 induced by exposing
chondrocytes to Borrelia protein BbHtrA in vitro Russell
et al, 2013
CXCL2 B. burgdorferi and IFN-gamma (in primary human endothelial
cells ) synergistically increase the expression of chemokines. ,
of which CCL7, CCL8, CX3CL1, CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11 attract T
lymphocytes, and CXCL2 is specific for neutrophils Dame
et al, 2007.
CXCL3 chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 3 :IFN-gamma and B. burgdorferi
(in murine macrophages) synergistically induced chemoattractants
for mononuclear cells (CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL11, CXCL16, and CCL12)
and decreased those for neutrophils (CXCL1, CXCL2, and CXCL3). IFN-gamma
and B. burgdorferi also synergistically enhanced secretion of CXCL9
and CXCL10 by murine cardiac endothelial cells Sabino
et al, 2011
CXCL8 chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 8: heat-killed and sonicated
bacteria release CCL2, IL6, and CXCL8 from oligodendrocytes Parthasarathy
et al, 2013
CXCL10 chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 10 : see Dame
et al, 2007.
CXCL11 chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 11 : see Dame
et al, 2007.
CXCL13 Levels correlate with spirochetal load in Lyme neuroborreliosis
Narayan
et al, 2005
CXCL16 Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 16: IFN-gamma and B. burgdorferi
(in murine macrophages) synergistically induced chemoattractants
for mononuclear cells (CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL11, CXCL16, and CCL12)
and decreased those for neutrophils (CXCL1, CXCL2, and CXCL3). Sabino
et al, 2011
CXCR3 chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 3: After ingesting B. burgdorferi,
Kupffer cells induce chemokine receptor CXCR3-dependent clustering
of invariant natural killer T cells Lee
et al, 2010.
Cholesterol: spirochetes can acquire cholesterol from plasma membranes
of epithelial cells Crowley
et al, 2013.
Chondroitin-6-sulfate: Borrelia burgdorferi surface-located membrane
protein binds to chondroitin-6-sulfate Yang
et al, 2015
CRH corticotropin releasing hormone: upregulated by infection
of astrocytes Ramesh
et al, 2008
DAAM1 dishevelled associated activator of morphogenesis 1 : Regulates
filopodia formation and phagocytic uptake of Borrelia burgdorferi
by primary human macrophages Hoffmann
et al, 2014
DEFA1 defensin, alpha 1: B. burgdorferi are killed by elastase,
CAMP , BPI, and human neutrophil peptide-1 (DEFA1) Lusitani
et al, 2002
DIAPH1 diaphanous-related formin 1: regulates phagocytosis of
Borrelia burgdorferi by human macrophages Naj
et al, 2013.
ELANE elastase, neutrophil expressed: B. burgdorferi are killed
by elastase, LL-37, bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein,
and human neutrophil peptide-1 Lusitani
et al, 2002
FAM19A1 family with sequence similarity 19 (chemokine (C-C motif)-like),
member A1 : upregulated by infection of astrocytes Ramesh
et al, 2008
FAS Fas cell surface death receptor: . B.burgdorferi increases
Fas expression on CD3+ T lymphocytes Grygorczuk
et al, 2010
FASLG Fas ligand (TNF superfamily, member 6): deficiency impairs
host inflammatory response against infection with the spirochete
Shi
et al, 2006.
FCER1G Fc fragment of IgE, high affinity I, receptor for; gamma
polypeptide : Increased pathogen burden in knockout mice Belperron
et al, 2014
FMNL1 – formin-like 1: regulates phagocytosis of Borrelia
burgdorferi by human macrophages Naj
et al, 2013.
galactocerebroside: adheres to the spirochete: a glycolipid component
of myelin that could act as a receptor for B. burgdorferi in oligodendroglia
and in Schwann cells Garcia-Monco
& Benach, 1997
Also binds to glucosylceramide and lactosylceramide Masuzawa,
1997
FSTL1 follistatin-like 1: induced by B. burgdorferi infection
and required for the development of Lyme arthritis in mice Campfield
et al, 2014
Glycosaminoglycans
: Borrelia adhesins and others bind to glycosaminoglycans: Lin
et al, 2014 including heparan sulfate, heparin chondroitin sulfate
and dermatan sulfate Parveen
et al, 1999Fischer
et al, 2003 Glycosaminoglycans are in turn bound to diverse
proeoglycan receptors (Decorin , biglycan, brevican, testican, syndecan,
bikunin, fibromodulin, lumican, aggrecan, versican, neurocan, perlecan
et al ) although the relationship of each to Borrelia binding remains
to be tested) See Wikipedia
Glycosphingolipids: Live Borrelia burgdorferi binds to to galactocerebroside,
lactosylceramide, and ceramide trihexoside and to the disialoganglioside
GD1a and the trisialoganglioside GT1b but not to gangliosides GM1,
GD1b, GM2, and GM3 and not to asialo GM1 Backenson
et al, 1995.
HAMP hepcidin antimicrobial peptide: intact and sonicated B burgdorferi
induced hepcidin expression in cultured mouse bone marrrow macrophages
Koening
et al, 2009
Histamine : Spirochetes and spirochetal sonicates release histamine
from basophils Benach
et al, 1986
HLA-DRB1 Treatment-resistant Lyme arthritis is associated with
immune reactivity to outer surface protein A (OspA) of Borrelia
burgdorferi, the agent of Lyme disease, and the major histocompatibility
complex class II allele DRB1*0401 Gross
et al, 1998.
HLA-DRB5: DRB1*0401, 0101, 0404, 0405, DRB5*0101, DRB1*0402, and
0102) showed strong to weak binding of the Borrelia peptide OspA163-175
Steere et al, 2006
HSPD1 heat shock 60kDa protein 1 (chaperonin): Molecular mimicry:
Antibodies to the spirochete flagellin cross react with HSPD1 Dai
et al, 1993
ICAM1 intercellular adhesion molecule 1: induced by exposing chondrocytes
to Borrelia protein BbHtrA in vitro Russell
et al, 2013
ICAM2 intercellular adhesion molecule 2 :ICAM2 and VCAM1 upregulated
and NCAM1 mRNA downregulated by the Geho strain of spirochete in
synovial cells Singh
et al, 2006
IDO1 indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1: activated by infection in
immune cells Love
et al, 2014
IFNA1 – interferon, alpha 1: human PBMCs initiate a type
I IFN response to B. burgdorferi via TLR7 and 9, inducing IFNA1,IFNB1
and IRF7 Petzke
et al, 2009
IFNB1 – interferon, beta 1, fibroblast: human PBMCs initiate
a type I IFN response to B. burgdorferi via TLR7 and 9, inducing
IFNA1,IFNB1 and IRF7 Petzke
et al, 2009
IFNG – interferon, gamma: Different spirochaete strains
variably upregulate IFNG production Anguita
et al, 2001
IFNL1 interferon, lambda 1: Released from peripheral blood cells
by the spirochete Krupna-Gaylord
et al, 2014
IFNAR1 interferon (alpha, beta and omega) receptor 1: Bone marrow-derived
macrophages induce IFN-responsive genes following B. burgdorferi
stimulation, and this expression required a functional type I IFN
receptor Miller
et al, 2008
IFNGR1 – interferon gamma receptor 1: administration of
B. burgdorferi-immune sera to IFN-gammaR-deficient mice infected
with B. burgdorferi N40 causes spirochete clearance Anguita
et al, 2001.
IL1B – interleukin 1, beta: activated by infection in human
peripheral blood mononuclear cells Miller
et al, 1992
IL1RN – interleukin 1 receptor antagonist: reduces the IL1B,
LPS-, and B. burgdorferi-induced IL8 synthesis in human peripheral
blood mononuclear cells Porat
et al, 1992
IL2 Interleukin 2: IFNG and IL2 stimulated by the spirochete in
Borrelia burgdorferi -specific T cell lines Pride
et al, 1998
IL2RA interleukin 2 receptor, alpha : T cell activation markers
CD25 (IL2RA) , CD69 and CD71 (TFRC) induced by B.Burgdorferi outer
surface protein C Salazar
et al, 2005
IL5 Interleukin 5: suppression of both IL-4 and IL-5 prior to
the feeding of B. burgdorferi-infected ticks significantly decreased
spirochete load in target organs such as joint, bladder, heart,
and skin of the Lyme disease-susceptible host Zeidner
et al, 2008.
IL6 interleukin 6 (interferon, beta 2): TLR1, TLR2 and MYD88 involved
in IL6, IL8, and TNF-alpha increases induced by B.Burgdorferi in
human monocytes Dennis
et al, 2009
IL8 interleukin 8: TLR1, TLR2 and MYD88 involved in IL6, IL8,
and TNF-alpha increases induced by B.Burgdorferi in human monocytes
Dennis
et al, 2009
IL9 Interleukin 9: Stimulated by the spirochete in macrophages
Gautam
et al, 2011
IL10 Interleukin 10: Induction of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines
(IL1B, IL6, IL10) by Borrelia burgdorferi lipoproteins in monocytes
is mediated by CD14 Giambartolomei
et al, 1999.
IL12 Interleukin 12 ( heterodimer of IL12A and IL12B) stimulation
of PBMC with live Borrelia, increases the production of IL-12 and
IFN-gamma, IL1B, TNF, IL6 and IL10 Janský
et al, 2003.
IL17A interleukin 17A : Borrelia species induce inflammasome activation
and IL17 production via caspase-1-Oosting
et al, 2011.
IL18 Interleukin 18: generated in response to live spirochetes
in peripheral blood mononuclear cells Salazar
et al, 2009.
IL22 interleukin 22 : secreted by peripheral blood mononuclear
cells exposed to live Borrelia burgdorferi Bachmann
et al, 2010
IL23 Interleukin 23: (heterodimer of IL23A and IL12B) Borrelia
NapA protein induces the expression of IL23 in neutrophils and monocytes,
and the expression of IL6, IL1B, and transforming growth factor
beta (TGF-ß) in monocytes, via TLR2 Codolo
et al, 2010.
IRAK4 interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 4: Cytokine response
to purified borrelia burgdorferi RNA is mpaired in human monocytes
naturally deficient in IRAK-4 Cervantes
et al, 2013
IRF3 interferon regulatory factor 3: induced by sonicated bacteria,
by the lipoprotein OspA, and by factors released into the medium
during culture of B. burgdorferi Miller
et al, 2010.
IRF7 – interferon regulatory factor 7: human PBMCs initiate
a type I IFN response to B. burgdorferi via TLR7 and 9, inducing
IFNA1,IFNB1 and IRF7 Petzke
et al, 2009
ITGA2B – integrin, alpha 2b (platelet glycoprotein IIb of
IIb/IIIa complex, antigen CD41): B. burgdorferi binding to human
platelets is mediated by ITGA2B/ITGB3 Coburn
et al, 1993
ITGA3 integrin, alpha 3 (antigen CD49C, alpha 3 subunit of VLA-3
receptor): BB0172, a Borrelia burgdorferi outer membrane protein
binds integrin a3ß1 Wood
et al, 2013.
ITGA5 – integrin, alpha 5 (fibronectin receptor, alpha polypeptide):
B. burgdorferi recognizes ITGA5/ITGB3and ITGA5/ITGB1 Coburn
et al, 1998
ITGAL integrin, alpha L (antigen CD11A (p180), lymphocyte function-associated
antigen 1; alpha polypeptide) : deficiency associated with heightened
heart B. burgdorferi burden relative to wild type mice Guerau-de-Arellano
et al, 2005.
ITGAM – integrin, alpha M (complement component 3 receptor
3 subunit): ITGAM/ITGB2 acts as a receptor for spirochetes in nonimmune
phagocytosis Cinco
et al, 1997
ITGAX integrin, alpha X (complement component 3 receptor 4 subunit;
CD11c ): ITGAX knockout mice, but not ITGAM-/- mice, developed aggravated
Lyme carditis after exposure to B. burgdorferi Guerau-de-Arellano
et al, 2005.
ITGB1 – integrin, beta 1 (fibronectin receptor, beta polypeptide,
antigen CD29 includes MDF2, MSK12): B. burgdorferi recognizes ITGA5/ITGB3and
ITGA5/ITGB1 Coburn
et al, 1998
ITGB2 – integrin, beta 2 (complement component 3 receptor
3 and 4 subunit): ITGAM/ITGB2 acts as a receptor for spirochetes
in nonimmune phagocytosis Cinco
et al, 1997
ITGB3 – integrin, beta 3 (platelet glycoprotein IIIa, antigen
CD61) : B. burgdorferi binding to human platelets is mediated by
ITGA2B/ITGB3 Coburn
et al, 1993
JAK3 Janus kinase 3: Inhibition prevents effects of the spirochete
on metalloprotease activity Behera
et al, 2004.
KIR2DL3 killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor, two domains,
long cytoplasmic tail, 3 : upregulated by infection of astrocytes
Ramesh
et al, 2008
LBP lipopolysaccharide binding protein : LBP or soluble CD14 sensitizes
TLR-expressing cells to nanogram levels of a synthetic lipopeptide
or the Borrelia OspA lipoprotein agonist Ranoa
et al, 2013
MAPK1 mitogen-activated protein kinase 1: activated by Borrelia
lipoproteins in astrocytes Ramesh
and Philipp, 2005.
MAPK3 mitogen-activated protein kinase 3: activated by Borrelia
lipoproteins in astrocytes Ramesh
and Philipp, 2005.
MAPK8 mitogen-activated protein kinase 8 (JNK): controls TNF production
and TLR-mediated macrophage responses to Borrelia burgdorferi Izadi
et al, 2007
MAP2K1 mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1: Involved in
the spirochete indiced secretion of IL8 from macrophage-like THP-1
cells Sadik
et al, 2008
MAP2K3 mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 3 (MKK3) Mice deficient
for MKK3 develop a lower Th1 response and exhibit an impaired ability
to produce proinflammatory cytokines upon infection with the spirochete
Hedrick
et al, 2006
MAPK14 – mitogen-activated protein kinase 14: regulates
activation of NF-kappaB in response to spirochetal lysate stimulation
of phagocytic cells Olson
et al, 2007
MAPT – microtubule-associated protein tau: Borrelia burgdorferi
spirochetes and LPS induce beta-amyloid deposition and tau phosphorylation
in mammalian glial and neuronal cells in vitro Miklossy
et al, 2006
MARCO macrophage receptor with collagenous structure: involved
in Borrelia phagocytosis by bone marrow-derived macrophages Petnicki-Ocwieja
et al, 2013
MIR146A microRNA 146a: Peritoneal macrophages from B6 miR-146a-/-
mice show enhanced phagocytosis of B. burgdorferi Lochhead
et al, 2014.
MME membrane metallo-endopeptidase (CD10 / neprilysin) : Picomolar
concentrations of OspA induce surface markers associated with neutrophil
activation: increased MME and ITGAM (CD11b) expression and decreased
Selectin L expression Morrison
et al, 1997
MMP1 – matrix metallopeptidase 1 (interstitial collagenase):
induced in chondrocyte cultures infected with Borrelia burgdorferi
Lin
et al, 2001
MMP3 – matrix metallopeptidase 3 (stromelysin 1, progelatinase):
induced in chondrocyte cultures infected with Borrelia burgdorferi
Lin
et al, 2001
MMP9 – matrix metallopeptidase 9 (gelatinase B, 92kDa gelatinase,
92kDa type IV collagenase): secretion induced via TLR2 in human
and murine monocytic cells stimulated with Borrelia burgdorferi
Gebbia
et al, 2004.
MMP13 matrix metallopeptidase 13 (collagenase 3) : B. burgdorferi
infection induces MMP-1, -3, -13, and -19 transcription from primary
human chondrocyte cells Behera
et al, 2005
MMP19 matrix metallopeptidase 19: B. burgdorferi infection induces
MMP-1, -3, -13, and -19 transcription from primary human chondrocyte
cells Behera
et al, 2005
MRC1 mannose receptor, C type 1: adheres to the spirochaete in
monocyte-derived macrophages Cinco
et al, 2001
MX1 myxovirus (influenza virus) resistance 1, interferon-inducible
protein p78 : IFN-a protein and IRF7, MX1, and OAS1 transcripts
induced by endosomal delivery of B. burgdorferi DNA, RNA, or whole-cell
lysate in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells Love
et al, 2014
MYD88 myeloid differentiation primary response 88: TLR1, TLR2
and MYD88 involved in IL6, IL8, and TNF-alpha increases induced
by B.Burgdorferi in human monocytes Dennis
et al, 2009
NCAM1 neural cell adhesion molecule 1: ICAM2 and VCAM1 upregulated
and NCAM1 mRNA downregulated by the Geho strain of spirochete in
synovial cells Singh
et al, 2006
NFKB1 – nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer
in B-cells 1: activated in response to spirochetal lysate stimulation
of phagocytic cells Olson
et al, 2007
NFKBIA nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer
in B-cells inhibitor, alpha : Induced by spirochete infection in
mouse macrophages Gautam
et al, 2012
NOD2 – nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing
2: Upregulated by the spirochete in astrocytes Sterka
et al, 2006
NOS2 nitric oxide synthase 2, inducible: borrelia increased NOS2
expression in Kupffer cells that peaked at 6 hours and was still
evident 22 h after infection Marangoni
et al, 2006.
OAS1 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthetase 1, 40/46kDa : IFN-a protein
and IRF7, MX1, and OAS1 transcripts induced by endosomal delivery
of B. burgdorferi DNA, RNA, or whole-cell lysate in human peripheral
blood mononuclear cells Love
et al, 2014
P2RY6 pyrimidinergic receptor P2Y, G-protein coupled, 6 : upregulated
by infection of astrocytes Ramesh
et al, 2008
PECAM1 platelet/endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1: Expression
increased dowmstream of Borrelia activation of CD40 Pulzova
et al, 2011
PLAU – plasminogen activator, urokinase: stimulation of
monocytic cells with B. burgdorferi induces production and secretion
of PLAU , shortly followed by its physiological inhibitor, plasminogen
activator inhibitor-2 (SERPINB2) Haile
et al, 2006.
PLAUR – plasminogen activator, urokinase receptor : Expression
and release stimulated by the spirochaete in monocytes Coleman
et al, 2001
PLG – plasminogen: B. burgdorferi binds human plasmin(ogen)-via
its outer cell surface lipoprotein A Fuchs
et al, 1994
plasmin-coated B. burgdorferi degrades fibronectin, laminin,
and vitronectin Coleman
et al, 1999
PTGER2 – prostaglandin E receptor 2 (subtype EP2), 53kDa:
B. burgdorferi induces mRNA and protein expression of PTGER2 and
PTGER4 in murine microglia Rasley
et al, 2004
PTGER4 – prostaglandin E receptor 4 (subtype EP4): B. burgdorferi
induces mRNA and protein expression of PTGER2 and PTGER4 in murine
microglia Rasley
et al, 2004
PTGS1 prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 1 (prostaglandin G/H
synthase and cyclooxygenase) up-regulated in murine B cells by B.
burgdorferi Blaho
et al, 2009
PTGS2 prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (prostaglandin G/H
synthase and cyclooxygenase) : up-regulated in murine B cells by
B. burgdorferi Blaho
et al, 2009
Purines: The spirochete lacks the enzymes required for de novo
synthesis of purines and depends on host purines and pyrimidines
for DNA and RNA synthesis: It encodes transporters for hypoxanthine,
adenine, and guanine Jain
et al, 2012
PYCARD PYD and CARD domain containing (ASC): PYCARD/caspase-1-driven
IL1B is crucial for induction of B. burgdorferi-induced murine Lyme
arthritis Oosting
et al, 2012
Quinolinic acid: CSF levels significantly elevated in B burgdorferi
infection Halperin
& Heyes, 1992
RAC1 as-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (rho family, small
GTP binding protein Rac1): phagocytosis of Borrelia burgdorferi
by primary human macrophages is controlled by CDC42 and Rac1 and
involves recruitment of Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein and the
Arp2/3 complex Linder
et al, 2001
RELA – v-rel avian reticuloendotheliosis viral oncogene
homolog A: Phosphorylation increased by B. burgdorferi lysates in
phagocytic cells Olson
et al, 2007
RPS6KA5 – ribosomal protein S6 kinase, 90kDa, polypeptide
5: siRNA repression results in reduced RelA phosphorylation and
a decrease in TNF production in response to B. burgdorferi lysates
in phagocytic cells Olson
et al, 2007.
S100A8 S100 calcium binding protein A8: Calprotectin (S100A8+S100A9)
inhibits the growth of spirochetes through chelation of the essential
cation, Zinc Lusitani
et al, 2003.
SELE – selectin E: expression increased by infection in
endothelial cells Burns
et al, 1997
SELL selectin L: Picomolar concentrations of OspA induce surface
markers associated with neutrophil activation: increased MME and
ITGAM (CD11b) expression and decreased Selectin L expression Morrison
et al, 1997
SERPINB2 – serpin peptidase inhibitor, clade B (ovalbumin),
member 2: stimulation of monocytic cells with B. burgdorferi induces
production and secretion of PLAU , shortly followed by its physiological
inhibitor, plasminogen activator inhibitor-2 (SERPINB2) Haile
et al, 2006.
SERPINE1 serpin peptidase inhibitor, clade E (nexin, plasminogen
activator inhibitor type 1), member 1: Inhibits Borrelia burgdorferi-bound
fibrinolytic enzymes Perides
et al, 1996
SERPINF2 serpin peptidase inhibitor, clade F (alpha-2 antiplasmin,
pigment epithelium derived factor), member 2: Inhibits Borrelia
burgdorferi-bound fibrinolytic enzymes Perides
et al, 1996
SOCS1 suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 : B. burgdorferi or lipidated
outer surface protein A (L-OspA) increase their SOCS1/SOCS3 mRNA
and protein expression in mouse J774 macrophages incubated with
IL-10 Dennis
et al, 2006
SRC SRC proto-oncogene, non-receptor tyrosine kinase: Required
for cellular invasion Wu
et al, 2011
STAT3 signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (acute-phase
response factor) B. burgdorferi infection induces phosphorylation
and nuclear translocation of STAT3 and STAT6 in primary human chondrocytes
Behera
et al, 2004.
STAT6 signal transducer and activator of transcription 6, interleukin-4
induced: B. burgdorferi infection induces phosphorylation and nuclear
translocation of STAT3 and STAT6 in primary human chondrocytes Behera
et al, 2004.
TAC1 – tachykinin, precursor 1: substance P augments B.
burgdorferi-induced mRNA and protein expression of PTGER2 and PTGER4
in murine microglia Rasley
et al, 2004
TACR1 tachykinin receptor 1 (expressed on microglia) : elevations
in inflammatory cytokine production and decreases in the production
of an immunosuppressive cytokine, in response to Neisseria meningitidis
or Borrelia burgdorferi are attenuated in mice genetically deficient
in the expression of the TACR1 or in mice treated with a specific
TACR1antagonist Chauhan
et al, 2008
TF transferrin: an outer membrane protein (28 kDa) from B. burgdorferi
B31 binds transferrin Carroll
et al, 1996
TFRC transferrin receptor: T cell activation markers CD25 (IL2RA)
, CD69 and CD71 (TFRC) induced by B.Burgdorferi outer surface protein
C Salazar
et al, 2005
TGFB1 transforming growth factor, beta 1: Borrelia NapA induces
the expression of IL23 in neutrophils and monocytes, as well as
the expression of IL6, IL1ß, and TGFB1 in monocytes, via TLR2
Codolo
et al, 2010
TICAM1 – toll-like receptor adaptor molecule 1: mediates
Toll-like receptor 2-dependent inflammatory responses to Borrelia
burgdorferi. Petnicki-Ocwieja
et al, 2013
TICAM2 toll-like receptor adaptor molecule 2: Induced by spirochete
infection in mouse macrophages Gautam
et al, 2012
TLR1 toll-like receptor 1, TLR1, TLR2 and MYD88 involved in IL6,
IL8, and TNF-alpha increases induced by B.Burgdorferi in human monocytes
Dennis
et al, 200 phagocytosis of B. burgdorferi by microglia enhances
the expression of TLR1, -2, -4and -5 Bernardino
et al, 2008.
TLR2 toll-like receptor 2: TLR1, TLR2 and MYD88 involved in IL6,
IL8, and TNF-alpha increases induced by B.Burgdorferi in human monocytes
Dennis
et al, 2009
TLR3 toll-like receptor 3: B. burgdorferi activation of MyD88
or TLR3/TRIF signaling resulted in increased activity of AKT1 and
PI3K in bone marrow derived macrophages Shin
et al, 2009.
TLR4 toll-like receptor 4: phagocytosis of B. burgdorferi by microglia
enhances the expression of TLR1, -2, -4and -5 Bernardino
et al, 2008.
TLR5 – toll-like receptor 5: downregulated by Borrelia lipoproteins
in human monocytes. Cabral
et al, 2006
TLR6– toll-like receptor 6: functional interaction between
TLR2 and TLR6 in the cellular response to Borrelia OspA-L in human
dermal endothelial cells Bulut
et al, 2001
TLR7 – toll-like receptor 7: human PBMCs initiate a type
I IFN response to B. burgdorferi via TLR7 and 9 Petzke
et al, 2009
TLR8 toll-like receptor 8 : Intracellular receptors TLR7, TLR8
and TLR9 and the NLR receptor NOD2 represent a major recognition
system of Borrelia Oosting
et al, 2014.
TLR9 – toll-like receptor 9: human PBMCs initiate a type
I IFN response to B. burgdorferi via TLR7 and 9 Petzke
et al, 2009
TNF tumor necrosis factor: TLR1, TLR2 and MYD88 involved in IL6,
IL8, and TNF-alpha increases induced by B.Burgdorferi in human monocytes
Dennis
et al, 2009
TNFAIP3 tumor necrosis factor, alpha-induced protein 3 : : Induced
by spirochete infection in mouse macrophages Gautam
et al, 2012
TOLLIP toll interacting protein: involved in toll receptor responses
to spirochete ligands in human dermal endothelial cells Bullut
et al, 2001
TP53 tumor protein p53: B. burgdorferi increases p53 protein levels
in a human oligodendrocyte cell line Parthasarathy
and Philipp , 2014
TRAF6 TNF receptor-associated factor 6, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase:
known target of miR-146a involved in NF-KB activation, dysregulated
in resting and B. burgdorferi-stimulated B6 miR-146a-/- macrophages,
and related to elevated IL1B, IL6 and CXCL1 production Lochhead
et al, 2014
VCAM1 vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 : ICAM2 and VCAM1 upregulated
and NCAM1 mRNA downregulated by the Geho strain of spirochete in
synovial cells Singh
et al, 2006
VEGFA vascular endothelial growth factor A : found at increased
levels at the site of inoculation of B. burgdorferi in skin Antonara
et al, 2010
VSIG4 V-set and immunoglobulin domain containing 4: Expression
modified by B.Burgdorferi but not B. afzelii or B. garinii in fibroblasts
Geca
et al, 2012
VTN Vitronectin: plasmin-coated B. burgdorferi degrades fibronectin,
laminin, and vitronectin Coleman
et al, 1999
WAS Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome: phagocytosis of Borrelia burgdorferi
by primary human macrophages is controlled by CDC42 and Rac1 and
involves recruitment of Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein and the
Arp2/3 complex Linder
et al, 2001
Bulk experiments
Interleukin-10 alters effector functions of multiple genes
induced by Borrelia burgdorferi in macrophages to regulate Lyme disease
inflammation Gautam
et al, 2011.
Selected upregulated gene transcripts in macrophages 4 h after exposure
to live B. burgdorferi which were downregulated in the presence of
added exogenous IL-10:
Selected upregulated gene transcripts in macrophages 4 h after exposure
to live B. burgdorferi which were potentiated in the presence of added
exogenous IL-10
Selected upregulated gene transcripts in macrophages 24 h after exposure
to live Borrelia burgdorferi which were potentiated in the presence
of added exogenous IL-10
Selected upregulated gene transcripts in macrophages 24 h after exposure
to live Borrelia burgdorferi which were downregulated in the presence
of added exogenous IL-10
Microarray Analyses of Inflammation Response of Human Dermal
Fibroblasts to Different Strains of Borrelia burgdorferi Sensu Stricto
PlosOneSchramm
et al, 2012
The Borrelia burgdorferi integrin ligand P66 affects gene
expression by human cells in culture. LaFrance
et al, 2011
Selected Genes belonging to significantly differentially expressed
KEGG pathways in Ea.hy926 cells infected with p66+ versus delta p66
B. burgdorferi bacteria
Microglia are mediators of Borrelia burgdorferi-induced apoptosis
in SH-SY5Y neuronal cells.Myers
et al, 2009Molecules associated with TREM1 signaling in microglia co-cultured
in the presence of B. burgdorferi for 5 days.
Interleukin-10 Alters Effector Functions of Multiple Genes
Induced by Borrelia burgdorferi in Macrophages To Regulate
Lyme Disease Inflammation Gautam
et al, 2011
Borrelia burgdorferi Induces TLR1 and TLR2 in Human Microgliaand
Peripheral Blood Monocytes but Differentially RegulatesHLA-Class II
Expression Cassiani-Ingoni
et al, 2006
Upregulated in microglia: CCR7 CXCL12 IL1R2 MARCO NFKB2 TLR2 Downregulated
in microglia: CXCL13 HLA-DQB1 PGDS TREM2
Up in monocytes: CCR2 CCR7 CD44 CXCL13 MARCO SOCS3 TLR2 TREM1