Alzheimer's risk factors

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Environmental and other risk factors affecting Alzheimer's disease .......... Alzheimer's disease associations and societies worldwide

An interesting article "Can Alzheimer's disease be prevented" can be found at the National Institute on ageing website. It is not yet possible to cure Alzheimer's disease. However there is reasonable evidence to suggest that a healthy lifesyle, "sensible" dietary regimes and avoidance of excess (smoking and alcohol) can delay the onset of the disease. This really simplifies to " a healthy mind in a healthy body" Mens sana in corpore sano. These lifestyle issues are similar, if not identical to the problems of heart disease, atherosclerosis and stroke. Advice on these matters can also be found at the American Heart Association and at the Alzheimer's Association websites and at PredictAD or Food For The Brain and at Alzheimer's Disease International

Ongoing clinical trails, worldwide, can be interrogated at ClinicalTrials.Gov a service of the US National Institutes of Health Follow PolygenicPathways

Pubmed CoQ // /Omega-3 Post a job in the UK	Papers based on this site: Convergence of genes implicated in Alzheimer's disease on the cerebral cholesterol shuttle: APP, cholesterol, lipoproteins, and atherosclerosis Neurochem Int ,2006 Interactions between the products of the Herpes simplex genome and Alzheimer's disease susceptibility genes: relevance to pathological-signalling cascades.Neurochem Int, 2007 Alzheimer's disease as an autoimmune and potentially curable disorder ?NaturePrecedings and Website (with translation and enhanced links) APP, APOE, complement receptor 1, clusterin and PICALM and their involvement in the herpes simplex life cycle. Neuroscience Letters, 2010 Alzheimer's disease plaques and tangles: Cemeteries of an immune battle with herpes simplex Neurochem.Int, 2010 Tangles description from TauRX therapeutics Alzheimer's Disease: A Pathogenetic Autoimmune Disorder Caused by Herpes Simplex in a Gene-Dependent Manner Int .J.Alz Dis 2010 The fox and the rabbits, environmental variables and population genetics.1: Replication problems in association studies and the untapped power of GWAS. 2: Vitamin A deficiency, herpes simplex reactivation and other causes of Alzheimer’s disease ISRN Neurology, 2011 Alzheimer’s disease: APP, gamma secretase, APOE, CLU, CR1, PICALM, ABCA7, BIN1, CD2AP, CD33, EPHA1 and MS4A2, and their relationships with herpes simplex , C.Pneumoniae, other suspect pathogens and the immune system: Int.J.Alz.Dis, 2011 Toxoplasmosis and polygenic diseases: Extensive T.Gondii host/pathogen interactome enrichment in nine psychiatric or neurological disorders J.Pathogens, 2012 Kegg pathway analysis of over 400 susceptibility genes: Herpes simplex related genes are included.

	Genes Referenced here (New genes will be linked from this page) See also Genotator from Harvard Medical school and Alzgene GWAS from Genome.gov Very Large scale (N >10,000) ABCA7 APOE BIN1 CD2AP CD33 CLU CR1 EPHA1 MS4A4A MS4A4E MS4A6A PICALM Other GWAS APOC1 CUGBP2 DISC1 FAM113B FRMD4A FRMD6 GAB2 HPCAL1 MTHFD1L PAX2 PCDH11X PVRL2 RFC3 SASH1 TOMM40 TTLL7 VSNL1 ZNF224 PPP1R3B Cholesterol/lipid CETP CH25H CYP46A1 DHCR24 DCHS2 FDPS HMGCR HMGCS2 LIPA LIPC LPL NPC1 NPC2 SOAT1 SREBF1 Lipoprotein A2M ABCA1 ABCA2 ABCA7 ABCC2 ABCG1 ACAD8 APOA1 APOA4 APOA5 APOC1 APOC2 APOC3 APOC4 APOD APOE LDLR LPA LRP1 LRP1B LRP2 LRP6 LRP8 LRPAP1 NR1H2 OLR1 PPARA PPARG SORL1 VLDLR APP processing APBA1 APBB1 APBB2 APBB3 APH1A APH1B APP BACE1 BACE2 NCSTN PSEN1 PSEN2 PSENEN Growth factors and related BDNF EPHA1 FGF1 IGF1 NTRK1 NTRK2 PIK3R1 VEGF Complement CFH CLU CR1 C4A C4B Chemokines and cytokines CCL2 CCL3 CCR2 IL10 IL18 IL1A IL1B IL1RN IL33 IL6 IL8 TGFB1 TNF Glutathione/oxidative stress GPX1 GSTM1 GSTM3 GSTO1 GSTP1 GSTT1 HMOX1 MPO NFE2L2 NOS1 NOS2 NOS3 NQO1 SOD2 Homocysteine/methionine BLMH CBS MTHFD1L MTHFR MTR MTRR PON1 PON2 Mitochondria ATP6 ATP7B ATP8 ATP8A1 COX1 COX2 COX3 COX10 COX15 CYTB MT-COI MT-DLOOP MT-haplo MT-L2 MT-RNR1 ND1 ND2 ND3 ND4 ND4L ND5 ND6 TFAM TOMM40 Immune CD2AP CD33 CD36 CD86 CRP EBF3 FCER1G HLA-A2 HLA-DRB1 MICA TAP2 TLR2 TLR4 Androgen/Oestrogen AR CYP19A1 ESR1 ESR2 HSD11B1 FSHR Ubiquitin UBD UBE2I UBQLN1 UCHL1 Channels CACNB2 CALHM1 KCNH7 KCNJ6 KCDT12 KCNU1 SCN2A Cholinergic BCHE CHAT CHRFAM7A CHRNA3 CHRNA4 CHRNA7 CHRNB2 Glutamate GRIN2B GRIN3A Monoamine ADRB1 ADRB2 COMT DBH HTR6 HTR7 MAOA SLC6A4 Heat shock DNAJC28 HSPA1B HSPA5 Retinoid ALB LRAT RXRA TTR Structural COL11A1 COL25A1 DNM2 DNMBP KNS2 MAPT MYH13 MYH8 Viral EIF2AK2 PVRL2 Adhesion ACAN BCAM DCHS2 HSPG2 ICAM1 NCAM2 Metabolic ALDH18A1 ALDH2 DLD DLST GAPDH GAPDHS ACE ADAM12 ADAM9 ADAM10 AGBL4 AGER AGT AGPAT1 AHSG ANGPT4 ANK3 ARID1B ARSA ARSB ATF7 ATXN1 BAT1 BCR BIN1 CALHM1 CAND1 CARD8 CAV1 CCNT1 CD14 CDC2 CDK5 CDK5R1 CDKN2BAS CELF2 CECR2 CHD4 CLSTN2 CNTN5 CSF1 CSK CST3 CTNAA3 CTNNA3 CTNND2 CTSD CTSS CUBN CWC15 DAB1 DAPK1 DEFB122 DFNB31 DISC1 DKK1 DOPEY2 DPYSL2 DSC1 DYRK1A ECE1 EFNA5 ELAVL4 ENTPD7 F13A1 FAS FTO GAB2 GALP GBP2 GNA11 GNB3 GOLM1 GOLPH2 GRHL GRN GSK3B HBG2 hCG2039140 HFE HHEX HNT HTRA2 IDE IREB2 KIF18B KLF5 LCK LHCGR LMNA LPAR5 LRRK2 LRRTM3 LSM14A MAGI2 MAL2 MAPK8IP1 MC2R MCM3AP MCPH1 MEF2A MEFV MME MMEL2 MMNAT3 MMP1 MMP3 MPHOSPH1 MSRA MS4A4E MS4A6A NAT2 NCAPD2 NEDD9 NGB NINJ2 NLRP1 NMNAT3 NP NPAS2 NPFFR2 NR3A ODZ3 OGG1 OPCML SIGMAR1 OTC PARP1 PAX2 PCDH11X PCGF5 PCK1 PCMTD1 PDE9A PDLIM5 PGBD1 PICALM PIN1 PKP2P1 PLA2G3 PLAT PLAU PLTP PNMT POMT1 PON2 PON3 POU2F1 PPM1H PPP1R11 PPP1R3A PPP2R2B PPPR31 PRND PRNP PRSS7 PRUNE2 PTGS2 PTPLA RALGPS2 RARDBP RBL1 RCAN1 RELN RFC1 RFC3 RFTN1 RGSL2 RUNX1 S100B SAMSN1 SASH1 SEL1L SEPT3 SERPINA1 SERPINA3 SERPINE1 SERPINF2 SGPL1 SH3PXD2A SHISA9 SNCA SORCS1 SORCS2 SORCS3 SOS2 SSB SST STH SYN3 TAPBPL TARDBP TET1 TF TFCP2 THEM5 THRA TMEM63C TNK1 TP53 TP73 TRAF2 TRAK2 TRIM15 TRNG TRNH TRNQ TRNR TRNS2 TRNT TRPC4AP TTBK1 TTLL7 VCP VDR VR22 WBSCR17 WWC1 YWHAZ ZBP1 ZNF155 ZNF224 ZNF225 C10orf112 C11orf30 C12orf41C1orf49 DNAJC28 C21orf63 LINC00472 FAM113B FAM63A LOC388458 LOC439999 LOC729993 Need KEGG mapping ARC CTNNA2 CYP17A1 .SLC8A1 KIAA1033 SNX1 SNX3 RAB7A FRMD4A PPP1R3B .IMMP2L. MX1 DRD4 SLC6A3 CREB1 MOBP EIF2AK3 MBL2 TMEM106B SLC2A14 USF1 Risk Factors: In some cases the genes and risk factors can be related and this is indicated by the red links Age is the greatest risk factor Keller, 2006 Aluminium exposure Perl and Moalem, 2006 Silica levels in drinking water (Aluminium antidote) reduce the incidence of Alzheimer's disease Gillette et al, 2007 plasma concentrations of manganese and total mercury were higher in Alzheimer's disease. CSF concentrations of vanadium, manganese, rubidium, antimony, cesium and lead were significantly lower Gerhardsson et al, 2008 Plasma levels of aluminium, cadmium, mercury and selenium were increased and the contents of iron and manganese were lower in Alzheimer's disease Basun et al, 1991 Serum cholesterol, ß- hexachlorocyclohexane and dieldrin are risk factors for AD Singh et al, 2012 Association with Diabetes Mellitus Kim et al, 2010 Association with the metabolic syndrome Razay et al, 2007 Family history of Parkinson's disease ..Suhanov et al, 2006 Head injury predisposes to risk O'Meara et al, 1997 History of Manual work (occupational exposure) Fratiglioni et al, 1993 Loneliness Wilson et al, 2007 Organic solvent exposure Kukull et al, 1995 "Exposure to air pollution causes neuroinflammation, an altered brain innate immune response, and accumulation of Abeta42 and alpha-synuclein starting in childhood".Calder�n-Garcidue�as. et al,2008 and 2004 Immune-related genes Higher maternal age at birth Fratiglioni, 1993 Positively associated with the number of pregnancies Colucci et al, 2006 Hypertension is a risk factor Skoog and Gustafson, 2006 Familial aggregation (Alzheimer's disease in family members) Van Duijn et al, 1991 Concordance in identical twins = 59% Gatz et al, 2006a 2006b Exposure to low frequency magnetic fields (in men) Qiu et al, 2004 Inverse association with smoking .Van Duijn and Hofman, 1991 Prior exposure to anaesthesia . Bohnen et al, 1994 Inverse association with cancer , Roe et al, 2005 Cell cycle and DNA Repair Carotid artery atherosclerosis is a risk factor Van Oijen et al, 2007 ..Shared Atherosclerosis Genes Atherosclerosis in the Circle of Willis , Beach et al, 2007..Shared Atherosclerosis genes High levels of good cholesterol (high density lipoprotein) are associated with lower risk Reitz et al, 2010 Increased cardiovascular risk in midlife is linked to accelerated cognitive decline as early as 10 years later Medscape Cerebral embolism is a risk factor Purandare et al, 2006 Coronary artery disease is associated with Alzheimer's disease. Beeri et al, 2006 Hypoxia related to cerebral ischaemia and stroke Zhang & Le, 2009 Non-Stroke Cardiovascular disease . Eriksson et al, 2010 Previous major psychiatric illness Cooper and Holmes, 1998 Previous history of depression . Fischer et al, 2008 Subclinical hyperthyroidism in the elderly increases the risk of dementia and Alzheimer's disease.Kalmijn et al, 2000 An inverse association with rheumatoid arthritis, (or with the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatories used in arthritis) McGeer et al, 1999 Seemingly benign factors (eyesight, hearing, denture wearing, stomach, kidney, bladder or bowel problems, coughs and colds) as well as high blood pressure and diabetes, constituting a frailty index, combine to cumulatively and markedly increase the risk of Alzheimer’s disease and dementia Song et al, 2011 A study, identifying physical inactivity, depression, smoking, mid-life hypertension, mid-life obesity, low education and diabetes as key risk factors, has estimated that ~ 50% of Alzheimer’s disease cases may be preventable Barnes and Yaffe, 2011 Glaucoma , cataract and age-related maculardegeneration have been described as comorbid conditions associated with Alzheimer's disease Kaczmarczyk et al, 2007 Neurosurgeons are a higher risk group for Alzheimer's disease Lollis et al, 2010 as were bank tellers, clergy, aircraft mechanics, and hairdressers and dentists, exposure to 60 Hz magnetic fields and welding.(Alzheimer's) or graders/sorters (non-agricultural), and clergy for presenile dementia Park et al, 2005 an inherited pro-inflammatory cytokine profile in middle age is an early risk factor Van Exel et al, 2011 shortened leukocyte telomere length is associated with risks for dementia and mortality Honig et al, 2012 A high erythrocyte sedimentation rate (a marker of inflammation) has been associated with Alzheimer's disease Li et al, 2013 Infectious agents Alzforum Herpes/Alzheimers webinar Atopy (allergic hypersensitivity) is a risk factor and previous history of Asthma predicts shorter survival time Eriksson et al, 2008 . Immune-related Autoimmune diseases are common in Alzheimer's disease patents and their relatives Frecker et al, 1994 Immune-related Borrelia Burgdorferi (Lyme disease) Borrelia antigens colocalised with Amyloid plaques Miklossy et al, 2004 Several spirochetes, including B. burgdorferi, and six periodontal Treponemes (T.socranskii, T. pectinovorum, T. denticola, T. medium, T.amylovorum and T. maltophilum) were detected in the brains of Alzheimer's patients. These were able to promote beta-amyloid deposition and tau phosphorylation in vitro Miklossy, 2011. Chlamydia pneumoniae infection Gerard et al, 2006 C.Pneumoniae has been detected in the Alzheimer's disease brain juxtaposed to amyloid deposits and tangles Hammond et al, 2010 Helicobacter pylori : In infected patients H.Pylori eradication can have beneficial effects on cognition Malaguarnera et al, 2004 .Kounturas et al, 2009 Cryptococcal meningitis has been mis-diagnosed as Alzheimer's disease in two case reports, and dementia symptoms , following 3 year stays in rest homes, were fully reversed by antifungal treatment Ala et al, 2004.Hoffmann et al, 2009 Cytomegalovirus (Herpes virus HHV-5) Blasko et al, 2007 Alzheimer's disease has also been asociated with a combination of HLA-BW15 and cytomegalovirus infection Renvoize et al, 1979 Herpes simplex (HSV-1) and HHV-6 .Lin et al, 2002 / Itzhaki and Wozniak, 2006./Ball, 2006 .. Viral receptors IgM antibodies to HSV-1 , indexing reactivation, predict the subsequent development of Alzheimer's disease Letenneur et al, 2008 HIV-1 (AIDS: NeuroAIDS) is often associated with dementia and can cause Alzheimer's disease-like pathology Esiri et al, 1998 .Power et al, 2009 HTLV-1 infection has been associated with dementia (case report) LycKe et al, 1993 Tooth loss and poor dental health (periodontitis) has been linked to Alzheimer's disease. Caused by P.Gingivalis, T.Denticola , S.Mutans and others Stein et al, 2007 ./ Kim et al, 2007. Antibodies to periodontal bacteria (A. actinomycetemcomitans, P. gingivalis and T. forsythia) are able to discriminate between Alzheimer's and normal patients Kamer et al, 2009. Antibodies to Oral Treponema species have been detected at higher frquency in the Alzheimer's disease brain Riviere at al, 2002 Serum antibody levels to F nucleatum and P intermedia (periodontal pathogens) found to be increased in Alzheimer's patients Sparks et al, 2012 Exposure to tuberculosis has been reported as a risk factor in familial Alzheimer's disease./ Frecker et al, 1994 Toxoplasma Gondii IgG seropositivity was higher in Alzheimer's disease patients Kusbeci et al, 2010 Serum tryptophan levels are decreased in Alzheimer's disease (a marker of immune activation) Widner et al, 2000 ..Immune-related Dietary and lifestyle factors Hyperhomocysteinemia is a risk factor associated with AD and many other conditions Selhub et al, 2006 .. Homocysteine and folate S-adenosylmethione levels are low in the cerebrospinal fluid Linnebank et al, 2010 High folate intake related to lower incidence of Alzheimer's disease Luchsinger et al, 2007 Folate-related Mild hypercholesterolaemia / Pappolla et al, 2003 Cholesterol-related Saturated fat intake increases the risk of dementia and Alzheimer's disease Laitinen et al, 2003 Cholesterol related Higher calorific and fat intake reported to increase the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease Luchsinger et al, 2002 Cholesterol-related "Physical inactivity, dietary fat intake, alcohol drinking, and smoking at midlife are associated with the risk of dementia and AD, especially among APOE4 carriers" Kivipelto et al, 2008 "Moderate intake of unsaturated fats at midlife is protective, whereas a moderate intake of saturated fats may increase the risk of dementia and AD, especially among ApoE epsilon4 carriers".Laitinen et al, 2006 Cholesterol-related Inverse association with coffee drinking Quintana et al, 2007 A high carbohydrate diet has been linked to Alzheimer's disease risk Seneff et al, 2011 Midlife obesity . Whitmer et al, 2007 Waist to hip ratio (central obesity) has been implicated as a risk factor Luchsinger et al, 2011 Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, wine consumption, coffee consumption, and regular physical activity associated with a reduced risk of Alzheimer's disease Lindsay et al, 2002 Reduced incidence of Alzheimer's disease has also been reported in relation to the use of H2 histamine receptor antagonists Anthony et al, 2000 .. Immune-related genes An active and socially integrated lifestyle in later life may protect against Alzheimer's disease and dementia Fratiglioni et al, 2004 Pesticide exposure may increase the risk of developing Alzheimer's diseases Hayden et al, 2010 Pesticide and disease database Hormonal effects Related to age-related loss of sex steroid hormones in both women and men Pike et al, 2009 Testosterone has been reported to have protective effects RSS feed Oestrogen has been reported to have protective effects Craig and Murphy, 2010 However:- Oestrogen plus progestin therapy increased the risk for probable dementia in postmenopausal women aged over 65 Schumaker et al, 2003 Luteinising hormone releasing hormone has been reported to reduce the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease in men D'Amico et al, 2010 But:- Luteinising hormone levels are higher in those developing Alzheimer's disease Webber et al, 2007 Insulin-like growth factor, Vascular endothelial growth factor and transforming growth factor beta levels have been reported to be reduced in blood cell extracts Luppi et al, 2009 Plasma levels of tryptophan and kynurenic acid are decreased with an increase in Quinolinic acid levels Gulaj et al, 2010 24-Hydroxycholesterol plasma levels are reduced, correlating with brain atrophy Leoni and Caccia, 2011 Low CSF levels of S-adenosyl-methionine have been reported in Alzheimer's disease Linnebank et al, 2010 High plasma levels of neopterin have been reported (peripheral immune activation) Parker et al, 2012 Autoantibodies present in Alzheimer's disease sera Beta-amyloid antibodies are found in the ageing population Sohn et al, 2009 and in Alzheimer's disease Gustaw-Rothenberg et al, 2010 which can increase beta-amyloid toxicity Nath et al, 2003 and type 2 diabetes Kim et al, 2010 Vaccination with amyloid-beta peptide induces autoimmune encephalomyelitis in C57/BL6 mice.Furlan et al, 2003 Antibodies to neurofibrillary tangles Kingsley et al, 1988 Vaccination with tau in mice induces histopathologic features of Alzheimer disease, including neurofibrillary tangle-like struvtures, axonal damage, and gliosis Rosenmann et al, 2006. AGER antibodies to the receptor for advanced glycation end products Mruthinti et al, 2006 Catalytic autoantibodies to beta-amyloid in the ageing population Paul et al, 2010 ATP synthase Vacirca et al, 2010 These antibodies increase the cellular uptake of HDL Vacirca et al, 2011 Cholinergic receptor autoantibodies (CHRNA7) possibly formed from common infections and destruction of the respiratory epithelium Koval et al, 2011 Bradykinin antibodies Myagkova et al, 2003 Dopamine and serotonin antibodies Davydova et al, 2002 anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibody Satoh et al, 2010 Glutamate autoantibodies Davydova et al, 2009 heparan sulfate proteoglycan antibodies Fillit et al, 1987 Histone autoantibodies Mecocci et al, 1993 MBP autoantibodies Singh, 1994 NGF antibodies Roy et al, 1988 NGF antibodies expressed only in lymphocytes cross the blood brain barrier causing cholinergic loss, tau hyperphosphorylation, and beta-amyloid deposition in mice Capsoni et al, 2010 PTCD2 pentatricopeptide repeat domain 2 Acharya et al, 2012 SRPK1 autoantibodies Daniilidou et al, 2011 Low levels of phosphorylcholine antibodies Eriksson et al, 2010 Redox-reactive antiphospholipid antibody McIntyre et al, 2009 thyroid microsomal antigens Gut et al, 2009 Antibodies to oxidised low density lipoprotein Kankaanpää et al, 2009 Antibodies against GM1 ganglioside in dementia patients Hatzifilippou et al, 2008 and in Alzheimer's disease Chapman et al, 1988 antibodies to S100B Gruden et al, 2007 Antibodies to lysozyme Gruden et al, 2004 Anti phospholipid antibodies Mosek et al, 2000 Anti microglial antibodies Lemke et al, 1999 anti tubulin and GFAP antibodies Terryberry et al, 1998 Anti brain spectrin Fernández-Shaw et al, 1997 Spectrin, peroxidase and thyroglobulin and HSV-1 Ounanian et al, 1990 Anti hippocampal antibodies Loeffler et al, 1997 .Brain and erythrocyte anion transporter protein, band 3 antibodies Kay et al, 1997 Alzheimer's disease CSF specifically stains activated microglia and neural macrophages McRae et al, 1996 Antibodies against heavy neurofilament NEFH Soussan et al, 1994 and neurofilaments Zavalishin et al, 1988 Choroid plexus autoantibodies Serot et al, 1992 Platelet antibodies in dementia Shinitzky et al, 1991 Prolactin cell antibodies Pouplard et al, 1983 alpha 2-glycoprotein Groppa and Chekhonin 1991] cholinergic neurons identified by Alzheimer's disease CSF antibodies Dahlstrom et al, 1990 which causes immunolysis of cholinergic synaptosomes Foley et al, 1988 Antibodies to spectrin, peroxidase, and thyroglobulin Ounanian et al, 1990 Antibodies to serotonin, melatonin, and the metabolites 5-HIAA, and 5-methoxytryptophol as well as to kynurenic acid , 3-hydroxy kynurenic acid, Quinolinic acid, Anthralinic acid, 3-hydroxy anthralinic acid, picolinic acid Duleu et al, 2010 Diagnosis of Alzheimer’s Disease Based on Disease-Specific Autoantibody Profiles in Human Sera Nagele et al, 2011 The 10 autoantibodies used to diagnose Alzheimer's disease FRMD8 FERM domain containing 8 PTCD2 Pentatricopeptide repeat domain 2 C9orf9 LGALS1 Lectin, galactoside-binding, soluble, 1 (galectin 1) POMC Proopiomelanocortin (adrenocorticotropin/ beta-lipotropin/ alphamelanocyte stimulating hormone/ beta-melanocyte stimulating hormone/ beta-endorphin) MAPKAPK5 Mitogen-activated protein kinase-activated protein kinase 5 CENTA2 Centaurin, alpha 2 DNAJC8 DnaJ homolog subfamily C member 8 ANKHD1 Ankyrin repeat and KH domain containing 1 MRPL34 Mitochondrial ribosomal protein L34 nuclear gene encoding mitochondrial protein See also "Application of immunosignatures to the assessment of Alzheimer's disease".(randomly generated 20mer peptides from phage display) Restrepo et al, 2011 Epidemiological studies Alzheimer's disease is more common in women Schmidt et al, 2008 In the USA, Alzheimer's disease is more common in Afro-Americans and Hispanics than in European Americans Alzheimer's association 2010 Illiteracy is associated with a higher risk of AD an effect increasing with age Lee et al, 2008. Low educational attainment is associated with a higher risk of Alzheimer's disease Letenneur et al, 1999 Being a farmer may increase the risk of dementia with parkinsonism in women Helmer et al, 2001 Having fathers as coal miners hs been associated with Alzheimer's disease Whalley et al, 1995 An association between goods production, manual work and Alzheimer's disease was found in Korea Qiu et al, 1993 Birth in a rural area has been asociated with Alzheimer's disease Jean et al, 1996 Long-term occupational exposure to a higher Extremely-low-frequency magnetic field level may increase the risk of Alzheimer's disease and dementia in men Qiu et al, 2004 In the Nun study, despite Alzheimer's disease pathology (plaques and tangles) cognitive function can be normal Snowdon, 1997 Nun study at the University of Minnesota Cognitive decline leading to dementia can be observed in Bipolar disorder Lebert et al, 2008 Early dementia is often diagnosed as some form of psychiatric disease (depression, schizophrenia, bipolar etc.) and these (or the drugs used to treat them ?) might also be independent risk factors for the subsequent development of neurodegenerative diseases Wooley et al, 2011 Death of a spouse without remarriage can increase the risk of dementia Medscape Protective Drugs, Diets Vitamins and Vaccines (Clinical Trials) The Mediterarranean diet may reduce the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease Scarmeas et al, 2006 Garlic may reduce the risk of dementia and cardiac disease Borek, 2006 Fruit and vegetable juices may delay the onset of Alzheimer's disease Dai et al, 2006 Cereal consumption may reduce the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease Grant, 1999 Moderate consumption of red wine may delay the onset of Alzheimer's disease Panza et al, 2004 High dietary intake of vitamin C and vitamin E may lower the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease.Engelhart et al, 2002 Vitamin D deficiency has been associated with Alzheimer's disease Pogge, 2010 High plasma levels of Vitamin E are associated with reduced risk Mangialasche et al, 2010 Vitamin B12 may delay the onset of Alzheimer's disease Newsflash Hoosmann et al, 2010 Fish consumption and intake of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids may reduce the incidence of Alzheimer's disease Morris et al, 2003 Non-steroidal anti-inflammatories may reduce the incidence of Alzheimer's disease McGeer et al, 2006 .. Immune-related genes Statins may reduce the incidence of Alzheimer's disease Wolozin et al, 2000 .. Cholestrerol-related genes Antihypertensives (calcium antagonists) may reduce the risk of dementia in hypertensive patients Forette et al, 2002 Exposure to vaccines against diphtheria or tetanus, poliomyelitis and influenza associated with lower risk for Alzheimer's diseaseVerreault et al, 2002 Low serum levels of Vitamin A and beta-carotene in Alzheimer's disease Jimenez et al, 1999 Low levels of Vitamin K in Alzheimer's disease Presse et al, 2008 Low dietary niacin has been associated with Alzheimer's disease Morris et al, 2004 Folic acid, vitamin B12 and vitamin B6 lower homocysteine levels and slowed cognitive and clinical decline in people with mild cognitive impairment , in particular in those with elevated homocysteine de Jager et al, 2011 and slow the rate of brain atrophy Smith et al, 2010 Biomarkers A blood RNA signature highlights genes involved in pathways associated with macrophages and lymphocytes: TGF-beta signaling, oxidative stress, innate immunity and inflammation, cholesterol homeostasis, and lipid-raft perturbation pathways were implicated Fehlbaum-Beurdeley et al, 2010 10 autoantibody biomarkers can differentiate Alzheimer's disease sera Nagele et al, 2011 An immunosignature derived from thousands or randomly synthesised peptides is able to accurately discriminate Alzheimer's disease Restrepo et al, 2011 An algorithm derived from a biomarker risk score, clinical lab (glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, homocysteine), and demographic (age, gender, education, APOE*E4 status) data O'Bryant et al, 2011. Decreased plasma desmosterol levels Sato et al, 2011 and reduced desmosterol/cholesterol ratio Sato et al, 2012 Increased plasma levels of annexin ANXA5 Sohma et al, 2013 Higher serum phenylalanine concentrations related to immune activation observed in a subgroup of AD patients Wissmann et al, 2013.	keywords job title or skills location city, state or zip Job Search by SimplyHired Loading... Jobs by SimplyHired
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Last update: May 11, 2013

Infectious agents Alzforum Herpes/Alzheimers webinar

Hormonal effects