As with all risk factors, these do not cause Anorexia:
they add an element of risk and may act in synergy with other risk factors
or susceptibility genes. Their risk promoting ability may be increased
or decreased by these other factors. These risk factors, and the genes,
form the components of a puzzle, whose assembly will one day alow us to
see the whole picture
Environmental risk factors and medical
conditions associated with Anorexia
Ongoing clinical trails, worldwide, can be interrogated
at
ClinicalTrials.Gov a service of the US National Institutes of Health
In the UK the season of birth of eating disorders
patients peaks in May. In younger patients peak season of birth peaks
in March Rezaul
et al, 1996
A higher environmental temperature at the point
of assumed conception was more likely to be found in restrictive anorexics
than in anorexics of the binge-purge subtype Waller
et al, 2002
Eating disorder patients appear to be more frequently
conceived during the transitional stages of the ovulatory pattern due
to seasonal preovulatory overripeness ovopathy and less frequently at
the ovulatory peaks due to seasonal optimally ripened oocytes Jongbloet
et al, 2005
Including maternal anemia , diabetes mellitus
, preeclampsia , placental infarction, neonatal cardiac problems
, and hyporeactivity associated with the later development of anorexia
in the offspring.Favaro
et al, 2006
In the UK an excess of anorexia births was observed
from March to June and a deficit from September to October, suggesting
an environmental influence Disanto
et al, 2011
Binge purge patients had higher serum adiponectin
levels compared with restrictive anorexia patients , and hyperactive
patients had higher serum leptin and lower serum resistin levels compared
with Nonhyperactive anorexia patients.Nogueira
et al, 2010
Mean serum levels of estradiol (E2) , IGF-I,
triiodothyronin (T3) and leptin were significantly lower in anorexia.
Serum levels of osteoprotegerin (OPG) were significantly higher in anorexia
and negatively correlated with body mass index (BMI), E2, IGF-I or leptin.Ohwada
et al, 2007
Higher salivary cortisol levels, someties without
circadian rhythm dos
Santos et al, 2007
serum levels of total cholesterol , low-density
lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol,, ketone
bodies, apolipoprotein (apo)-A1, APOB, APOC2, APOC3, APOE, and cholesterol
ester transfer protein (CETP) activity were significantly higher in
anorexia nervosa patients.Ohwada
et al, 2006
A symbiotically close mother-daughter relationship
with elements of aggression was noted in anorexicx children. In the
fathers, the autoritarian-dominant type predominated.Bonenberger
and Klosinski 1988
Lower family cohesion, expressiveness, and organization
were significantly associated with greater eating disorder risk Lower
independence was significantly associated with increased eating disorder
risk, but to a lesser degree (p < .05). Greater conflict and control
were significantly associated with greater eating disorder risk Felker
and Stevers, 1994
Children of alcoholic parents are more at risk
of developing eating disorders Chandy
et al, 1994
Women with a history of anorexia nervosa of
the binge/purge subtype reported higher levels of loneliness, shyness
and feelings of inferiority in adolescence Troop
and Bifulco, 2002
Elevated anxiety and eating-related obsessionality
may increase the risk for the development of anorexia and nonremission
Yackobovitch-Gavan
et al, 2009