As with all risk factors, these do not cause Autism: they
add an element of risk and may act in synergy with other risk factors
or susceptibility genes. Their risk promoting ability may be increased
or decreased by these other factors. Nevertheless, autism is increasing
at an alarming rate, a factor that is unlikely to be gene-related. These
risk factors, and the genes, form the components of a puzzle, whose assembly
will one day alow us to see the whole picture Autism
books ... The
Autism Birth Cohort project..... Autism
genetic Ressource exchangeHealing
Thresholds Autism Therapy
Environmental risk factors and medical conditions associated
with Autism
Ongoing clinical trails, worldwide, can be interrogated at
ClinicalTrials.Gov a service of the US National Institutes of Health
Congenital cytomegalovirus infection has been associated with
autism Yamashita
et al, 2003
A higher percentage of retroviral HERV-H and HERV-W expression has
been reported in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from autism patients
Balestrieri
et al, 2012
Strains of Clostridium species and enterococci were isolated more
frequently from stool samples of autistic children and rarely lactobacilli.Ekiel
et al, 2010
In faecal samples Bacteroidetes was found at high levels in the severely
autistic group,Firmicutes were more predominant in the control group
Finegold
et al, 2010
Association with a higher prior frequency of the bacterial skin infection
impetigo (caused by Staphylococcus aureus, and less frequently by Streptococcus
pyogenes), has been reported along with infantile feeding problems (vomiting,
reflux, colic and failure to feed)
Whitely, 2004
Other papers on measles, mumps
and rubella vaccines Refs
Hepatitis B vaccination of male neonates has been associated with
an increased risk of autism Gallagher
and Goodman
Thiomersal
(organic mercury) in vaccines has been linked to autism and a comparison
between organic mercury containing and non-containing vaccines using
the Vaccine Adverse
Event Reporting System suggested a number of associations with significantly
increased odds ratios for autism (OR = 1.8, p < .05), mental retardation
(OR = 2.6, p < .002), speech disorder (OR = 2.1, p < .02), personality
disorders (OR = 2.6, p < .01), and thinking abnormality (OR = 8.2,
p < .01) Geier
and Geier, 2004.
Thimerosal has been shown to be more toxic in female mice Branch,
2009 and further research may be needed
A family history of Pink disease (infantile acrodynia),
related to mercury poisoning has been linked to autism Shandley
and Austin, 2011.
Autoantibodies (IgG isotype) to neuron-axon filament protein (NAFP)
and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)
are significantly increased in autistic patients (Singh
et al., 1997)
Autoantibodies to GABAergic Golgi neurons of the cerebellum Rossi
et al, 2011
Antibodies to a 45 kDa cerebellar protein and other cerebellar proteins
raised maternally
Goines et al, 2011
Antibodies to gliadin, a component of gluten, and to cerebellar peptides
have been observed Vojdani
et al, 2004
Antibodies to casein, lactalbumin and beta-lactoglobulin have been
found in autism where symptoms were improved by milk and wheat free
diets Lucarelli
et al 1995 see also Kawashti
et al, 2006
Antibodies to brain elements, related to herpes viral infection have
been decribed in autism , particularly Herpes virus HSV-2
Mora et al, 2009
Plasma concentrations of the cytokines IL1B, IL1RA, IL5, IL8, IL12,
IL13, IL17 and GRO-alpha are higher in autism spectrum disorder subjects
Suzuki
et al, 2011
A humoral immunity profile, described by three binary variables, IgA
< 0.97 g/l, IgE > 36 IU/ml, and IgG > 6.3 g/l, was able to
identify children with autism Wasilewska
et al, 2012.
Pre-pregnancy obesity or excessive weight gain during pregnancy may
increase the risk of autism in the offspring
Dodds et al, 2010
Higher risks for autism among those conceived in winter months suggest
the presence of environmental causes of autism that vary by season Zerbo
et al, 2011.
Interactions between the 5-HTTLPR
gene (serotonin
transporter) or COMT
(catechol-O-methyltransferase) maternal smoking and low birthweight
have been associated with autism risk Nijmeijer
et al, 2010
Nine risk factors showed significant association with autism: maternal
second-hand smoke exposure, maternal chronic or acute medical conditions
unrelated to pregnancy, maternal unhappy emotional state, gestational
complications, edema, abnormal gestational age (<35 or >42 weeks),
nuchal
cord, Number of pregnancies >1, and advanced paternal age at
delivery (>30 year-old)". Zhang
et al, 2010
Increased concentrations of interferon-gamma, interleukins IL-4 and
IL-5 in midgestation maternal serum has been associated with a 50% increased
risk of autism in the offspring Goines
et al, 2011
Prenatal exposure to valproic acid, ethanol, thalidomide and misoprostol
has been shown to be associated with an increased incidence of autism
Dufour-Rainfray
et al, 2011
The use of prenatal vitamins may reduce the risk of having children
with autism, especially for genetically susceptible mothers and children
Schmidt
et al, 201
Higher parental age has been associated with Autism spectrum disorders.
Ben
Itzchak et al, 2011.
Periconceptional use of prenatal vitamins may reduce the risk of having
children with autism ( an effect conditioned by genes in folate and
one carbon metabolism pathways : MTHFR, CBS, COMT) Schmidt
et al, 2011
Maternal diabetes and obesity have been associated with autism in
the offspring Krakowiak
et al, 2012
Prenatal Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) Exposure has been associated
with autism and related disorders Perera
et al, 2012
Prenatal exposures to lacquer, varnish, or xylene have been associated
with autism McCanlies
et al, 2012
Autism is more common in areas of impaired UVB penetration away from
the equator, urban areas, areas with high air pollution, and areas of
high rainfall. Autism is more common in dark-skinned persons and severe
maternal vitamin D deficiency is exceptionally common the dark-skinned.Cannell,
2008
Vitamin D treatment has been reported to ameliorate both autism and
schizophrenia symptoms in some cases Humble
et al, 2010
Low vitamin E and A plasma values indicate lower consumption of food
rich in vitamin A and Vitamin
E (e.g. whole-grain products, plant oils, oil seeds, nuts, fat spreads
and dairy products).Krajcovicova-Kudlackova
et al, 2009
High mercury levels have been implicated in autism Geier
et al, 2010
High plasma levels of thioredoxin , thioredoxin reductase and peroxiredoxins
(PRDX1 and PRDX3) have been recorded in autistic children together with
a reduction in plasma glutathione s transferase activity Al-Yafee
et al, 2011
High levels of urinary homocysteine have been reported in autism suggesting
deficiencies of folic acid and vitamins B6 and B12 Kaluzna-Czaplinska
et al, 2011
High fasting serum homocysteine and low folate and vitamin B12 levels
could be used as clinical biomarkers for an early diagnosis and management
of autism Ali
et al, 2011.
Increased serum androstenedione in adults with autism spectrum conditions.Ruta
et al, 2011
Increased urinary excretion of N-methyl-2-pyridone-5-carboxamide,
N-methyl nicotinic acid, and N-methyl nicotinamide suggest malfunction
of the tryptophan-nicotinic acid metabolic pathway.higher levels of
urinary taurine and lower levels of urinary glutamate, indicate perturbation
in sulfur and amino acid metabolism: Changes in mammalian-microbial
cometabolites including dimethylamine, hippurate, and phenyacetylglutamine
also observed Yap
et al, 2010
Gluten- and casein-free diets can be of benefit in some sufferers
Whiteley
et al, 2010
Chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract, dysbiosis, maldigestion,
malabsorption, malnutrition, food intolerance, allergies, chronic viral,
fungal and bacterial infections, impaired kidney function, impaired
detoxification of endo- and exotoxins, disorders of metal ion transportation
have been implicated in autism Cubala-Kucharska,
2010
Children with autism are at risk of developing oral diseases Stein
et al, 2011
Elevated copro- , hexacarboxyl- and pentacarboxyl-
porphyrin concentrations have been associated with autism Woods
et al, 2010
Children with autism had much lower levels of total short chain fatty
acids including lower levels of acetate, proprionate, and valerate Adams
et al, 2011
Plasma levels of chemokines involved in the T-helper cell immune system
and hematopoiesis were lower in the children with Autism compared with
unrelated siblings without Autism Manzardo
et al, 2011
Plasma and urinary oxalate levels have been reported as increased
in autism spectrum disorders Konstantynowicz
et al, 2011
Low plasma levels of platelet endothelial adhesion molecule-1 and
P-selectin Onore
et al, 2012
High plasma levels of complement factor 1 in autistic children Momeni
et al, 2009
Glutathione imbalance and oxidative stress in peripheral immune cells
Rose
et al, 2012
In newborns who later develop autism, decreased levels of T helper-1(Th-1)-like
cytokines (i.e. Iinterferon gamma) and Th-2like cytokines (i.e. IL-4,
IL-10) suggest a depressed or hypoactive immune cell activity during
the neonatal period Abdallah
et al, 2012
Maternal smoking; male gender; economic problems in the family; condensation
on windows, a low ventilation rate in the home; PVC flooring (a source
of airborne phthalates)
: airway symptoms of wheezing and asthma have been associated with autism
risk
Larsson et al, 2009
The rate of autism is higher for schools near Superfund
sites (those earmarked for pollution clean-up) DeSoto,
2009
DDT (the pesticide dichlorodiphenyltriichloroethene , has been associated
with autism Audouze
and Grandjean 2011
Organochlorine pesticide applications--specifically dicofol and endosulfan--occurring
immediately before and during central nervous system embryogenesis have
been associated with the subsequent development of autism spectrum disorders
Roberts
et al, 2007
A Finnish study has noted an association between prenatal exposure
to persistent organic pollutants (Polychlorinated biphenyls and Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene
related ) and autism (combined pollution level rather than any particular
pollutant) Cheslack-Postava
et al, 2013
Bacteroidetes species exist at high levels in severely autistic children,
while Firmicutes were more predominant in the control group. Smaller,
but significant, differences also occurred in the Actinobacterium and
Proteobacterium phyla. Desulfovibrio species and Bacteroides vulgatus
are present in higher numbers in stools of severely autistic children
Finegold
et al, 2010
DEVNERTOX
Toxic threats to the developing nervous system: in vivo and in vitro studies
on the effects of mixture of neurotoxic substances potentially contaminating
food
HAZMAP A Relational
Database of Hazardous Chemicals and Occupational Diseases
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