Chikungunya virus infection is associate with chronic fatigue and
musculoskeletal pain
Chopra et al, 2011
GB virus C (hepatitis G) was identified in a small number of cases
in a twin study Sullivan
et al, 2011
Childhood gastrointestinal symptoms and parental reports of many colds
have been associated with the subsequent development of chronic fatigue
Clark
et al, 2011
Antibodies to human endogenous retroviral proteins have been reported
in dendritic cells of the duodenum of myalgic encephalomyelitis patients
De
Meirleir et al, 2013
The Borna virus has been implicated in chronic fatigue Zhang
et al, 2013
Increased infection with Candida albicans has been observed Evengard
et al, 2007
Seropositive status for Borrelia burgdorferi and Epstein-Barr virus
was identified in 66% of chronic fatigue cases in this study in paediatric
patients Petrov
et al, 2011.
Helicobacter pylori seropositivity has been associated with fibromyalgia
Akkaya
et al, 2011
Sick building syndrome, possibly related to mould and mycotoxins can
be related to chronic fatigue Schoemaker
and House 2005
Macrophagic myofasciitis (caused by vaccinations containing aluminium)
has been associated with chronic fatigue Israeli
et al, 2010
Parental physical abuse , childhood gastrointestinal symptoms and
parental reports of many colds have been assocaited with chronic fatigue
Clark
et al, 2011
Dietary, lifestyle factors and toxins
The elimination of monosodium glutamate and other excitotoxins from
the diets of subsets of patients with fibromyalgia .has been reported
to be beneficial Smith
et al, 2001
Aluminium based vaccines have been associated with Macrophagic myofasciitis
(Symptoms include myalgias, arthralgias, marked asthenia, muscle weakness,
chronic fatigue, and fever Israeli
et al, 2011
Excessive energy in childhood and being overweight as an adult have
been linked to fatigue Harvey
et al, 2009
Low ferritin levels (iron deficiency) and low levels of vitamin D
in chronic fatigue patients Antiel
et al, 2011
Chronic fatigue has been linked to obesity , low alcohol intake, less
healthy food, a less active lifestyle and the use of analgesics, and
is more common in women van't
Leven et al, 2010
The female to male incidence rate ratio of CFS/ME was 3.2. The incidence
rate varied strongly with age for both sexes, with a first peak in the
age group 10 to 19 years and a second peak in the age group 30 to 39
years (Norwegian Patient Register) Bakken
et al, 2014
Autoimmune/inflammatory syndrome induced by adjuvants (ASIA) is characterized
by myalgia, myositis, muscle weakness, arthralgia, arthritis, chronic
fatigue, sleep disturbances, cognitive impairment and memory loss, and
occasionally a demyelinating autoimmune disease caused by systemic exposure
after vaccines and adjuvants Barros
and Carvalho, 2011.
Fibromyalgia is common in patients with rheumatoid arthritis Kapoor
et al, 2011
Chronic fatigue has been associated with irritable bowel syndrome
Wojczynski
et al, 2007
Women with chronic fatigue reported higher levels of pelvic pain unrelated
to menstruation, endometriosis
and periods of amenorrhea
The number of pregnancies and gynecological surgeries was also higher
Boneva et al, 2010
Obesity and low levels of exercise have been associated with fibromyalgia
in women Mork
et al, 2010
Older age, retirees, housewife status , existing long-term health
problems, higher Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale scores, poor
quotient of living , and low self-perceived health associated with increased
risk of chronic fatigue: Regular exercise was associated with decreased
risk of chronic fatigue Wong
and Fielding 2010
Parental physical abuse has been associated with chronic fatigue Clark
et al, 2011
"Chronic fatigue symptoms overlap with systemic hyperalgesia
(fibromyalgia), autonomic dysfunction (irritable bowel syndrome and
migraine headaches), sensory hypersensitivity (dyspnea; congestion;
rhinorrhea; and appreciation of visceral nociception in the esophagus,
gastrointestinal tract, bladder, and other organs), and central nervous
system maladaptations (central sensitization) recorded by functional
magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Neurological dysfunction may account
for the overlap with idiopathic nonallergic rhinopathy" Baraniuk
and Zheng, 2010.
Chronic fatigue has been associated with an increased risk of non-Hodgkin
lymphoma and certain other cancers Chang
et al, 2012
Chronic fatigue syndrome is relatively common in patients with Ehlers-Danlos
syndrome (Connective tissue disorder) Castori
et al, 2011
Fatigue is commonly reported in patients with immune-mediated neuropathies,
(Guillain-Barré syndrome, chronic immune-mediated demyelinating
polyradiculoneuropathy, monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance
related polyneuropathy, and multifocal motor neuropathy Merkies
and Faber, 2012.
There appears to be a link between a number of functional somatic
syndromes including interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome,
fibromyalgia , chronic fatigue syndrome , irritable bowel syndrome,
chronic pelvic pain, migraine, sicca / Sjogren syndrome and panic disorder,
whereby antecedence of one syndrome predisposes to the subsequent development
of another, suggesting a potential common underlying cause Warren
et al, 2013
.
Nitric
oxide metabolites (nitrates) increase at higher levels than controls
after physical exertion in CFS patients Suarez
et al, 2010
Increased lipid peroxidation (free radical damage) positively correlated
with triglyceride levels and lower HDL levels has been observed in female
patients Brkic
et al, 2010
Genes related to immune modulation, oxidative stress and apoptosis
are dysregulated in blood monocytes Gow
et al, 2009
Serum Immunoglobulin M levels directed against oleic, palmitic
and
myristic acid, malondialdehyde
, azelaic
acid, S-farnesyl-L-cysteine, and the N-oxide derivates, nitro-tyrosine,
nitro-phenylalanine, nitro-arginine, nitro-tryptophan, and nitro-cysteinyl
were significantly greater in CFS patients than in normal controls Maes
et al, 2006
Decreased serum levels of omega-3 poly-unsaturated fatty acids are
related to lowered serum zinc and defects in T cell activation Maes
et al, 2005.
Reduced mRNA levels of oestrogen receptor beta in blood mononuclear
cells Grans
et al, 2007
Elevated plasma concentrations of neuropeptide Y ( NPY ) have been
reported Fletcher
et al, 2010
Increased oxidative stress as indexed by plasma peroxides and increased
serum oxidised LDL Maes
et al, 2011.
and of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances in certain subgroups
Jammes
et al, 2012
decreased levels CoenzymeQ(10), catalase and ATP and increased
lipid peroxide levels in blood mononuclear cells from fibromyalgia
patients Cordero
et al, 2012
Salivary proteome: calgranulin A, calgranulin C, cyclophilin A, profilin
1, Rho GDP-dissociation inhibitor 2, proteasome subunit-a-type-2 and
haptoglobin-related protein precursor: transaldolase and phosphoglycerate
mutase I Bazzichi
et al, 2009
Low blood levels of cortisol have been reported, suggesting dysfunction
of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis Tak
et al, 2011
Upregulation of TGF beta expression in peripheral blood mononuclear
cells in chronic fatigue patients Zhang
et al, 2011.
Protein and lipid oxidation levels reportedly higher in female chronic
fatigue patients Tomic
et al, 2012
Chronic fatigue reported to correlate with serum leptin levels Stringer
et al, 2013
IgM antibodies to palmitic and myristic acid and S-farnesyl-L-cysteine
Maes
et al, 2012
An excess of ligand-free killer lectin KIR3DL1 and KIR3DS1 receptors
may hamper the clearance of a pathogens via Natural Killer cells Pasi
et al, 2011
Evidence for immune activation including increases in IL-10, IFN-gamma,
TNF-alpha, CD4+CD25+ T cells Brenu
et al, 2011
Decreased CD56 natural killer cell activity and increased IL2 receptor
levels have been noted Nas
et al, 2011
A gene expression study in plasma identified a signature of 10 cytokines
and chemokines which correctly identifies XMRV infected chronic fatigue
patients with 93% specificity and 96% sensitivity Lombardi
et al, 2011.
Higher interferon gamma (IFNG), and higher IFNG/interleukin (IL)4
ratio, lower tumor necrosis factor-a and lower IL-10 at baseline were
related to fatigue severity Ter
Wolbeek et al, 2011
CFS/ME patients displayed significant increases in IL10, interferon
-gamma, TNF-alpha, CD4+CD25+ T cells, and FoxP3 and VPACR2 expression:
The cytotoxic activities of natural killer cells were significantly
decreased in CFS/ME patients. Additionally granzyme A and granzyme K
expression were reduced and expression levels of perforin were significantly
increased in CFS/ME Brenu
et al, 2011
Depression and fatigue during chronic Interferon alpha treatment were
associated with alterations in the expression (OAS2) and transcriptional
control (CREB/ATF) of genes linked to behavioral disorders including
chronic fatigue syndrome and major depression, supporting an immune
contribution to these diseases Felger
et al, 2011.
Co-expression patterns in cytokines (IL6, IL8, IL23, IL2, IL1A and
IFNG) associated with Th17 function may act as markers in post-infectious
chronic fatigue syndrome Broderick
et al, 2012.
Proinflammatory cytokine and neopterin levels higher in CFS patients
Maes
et al, 2012
IgM antibodies to palmitic and myristic acid and S-farnesyl-L-cysteine
and NO-phenylalanine in CFS sera Maes
et al, 2012
Reduced expression of microRNA's miR-21, in natural killer and CD8(+)T
cells in CFS/ME sufferers and reduced expression of miR-17-5p, miR-10a,
miR-103, miR-152, miR-146a, miR-106, miR-223 and miR-191 in natural
killer cells Brenu
et al, 2012.
Atopic diseases can increase the risk of developing chronic fatigue
Hunskar
et al, 2012
Cryoglobulinemia ( immunoglobulins that precipitate in blood ) can
cause fatigue Takada
et al, 2012
Brain scans and physiology
White matter volume was observed to decrease with increasing fatigue
duration Barnden
et al, 2011
Higher Insular cortex reactivity has been associated with pain processing
in fibromyalgia Kim
et al, 2011
Elevated glutamate/creatine levels have been observed in the ventrolateral
preforntal cortex Feraco
et al, 2011
Hyperalgesia (increased sensitivity to pain) is seen for a variety
of sensory stimuli, including electrical stimulation, mechanical pressure,
heat and histamine. Various tissues are affected by generalised hyperalgesia:
the skin, muscle tissue and the lungs. Generalised hyperalgesia is increased
by sveral stressors like exercise and noxious heat pain. Nijs
et al, 2011
Impaired cardiac function is observed in CFS patients: (reduced cardiac
mass and blood pool volumes, low end diastolic volume leading to impairments
in stroke volume and cardiac output (the heart pumps less blood) Hollingsworth
et al, 2011
The PACE trial involving
adaptive pacing therapy, cognitive behaviour therapy, graded exercise
therapy, and standardised specialist medical care.