As with all risk factors, these do not cause ADHD: they
add an element of risk and may act in synergy with other risk factors
or susceptibility genes. Their risk promoting ability may be increased
or decreased by these other factors. Follow
PolygenicPathways
Genes, environmental risk factors and medical conditions
associated with Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
Ongoing clinical trails, worldwide, can be interrogated at
ClinicalTrials.Gov a service of the US National Institutes of Health
A higher frequency of food allergies is observed in ADHD Almog
et al, 2010
Thimerosal-containing vaccines (organic mercury) have been linked
with a number of neurodevelopmental disorders including ADHD and autism
Young
et al, 2008
Prenatal factors and Birth related
ADHD risk has been reported to be increased in children born to women
experiencing a viral rash during pregnancy (measles, varicella or rubella)
Arpino
et al, 2005.
Premature delivery symptoms, severe flu attacks and neonatal seizures
have been asociated with the subsequent development of ADHD Pineda
et al, 2003
High intrauterine testosterone may be associated with ADHD James,
2008
Prenatal alcohol exposure hes been associated with ADHD Pineda
et al, 2007 Toxicity of alcohol or acetaldehyde may be involved
in relation to uterine exposure Abel,
1984
Prenatal methamphetamine exposure has been associated with ADHD LaGasse
at al, 2012 and prenatal cocaine exposure has been associated with
subsequent behavioural problems Levine
et al, 2012
a relation between passive smoking and behavioural disorders including
attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has been reported Hofnuis
et al, 2002
Prenatal tobacco use has been associated with ADHD Braun
et al, 2006
Young maternal age and birthplace has been associated with ADHD, which
predominantly affects males
Severe hyperbilirubinemia at birth has been associated wityh later
development of autism and to a lesser extent, ADHD Jangaard
et al, 2008
Children exposed to anaesthesia more than twice before the age of
3 are twice as likely to have ADHD than children who have not been exposed.
Sprung
et al, 2012
Maternal thyroid peroxidase autoantibodies have been associated with
ADHD related problems in the children Ghassabian
et al, 2012
Particulate pollution from motor vehicles has been associated with
ADHD Siddique
et al, 2010
Early-life exposure to air pollution from indoor gas appliances has
been associated with ADHD Morales
et al, 2009
Children with ADHD consumed half the amount of fish/seafood, meat
and eggs when compared to the norm Nq
et a, 2009
Fatty acid deficiency symptoms of dry hair and skin, frequent thirst
and urination have been observed to be higher in children with attention
deficit hyperactivity disorder Sinn,
2007
The contentious colourings are: sunset yellow FCF (E110), quinoline
yellow (E104), carmoisine (E122), allura red (E129), tartrazine (E102)
and ponceau 4R (E124)) A
Guide to E numbers
The effects of food additives are modified by HNMT polymorphisms,
suggesting an effect related to histamine Stevenson
et al, 2010
Those affected by food additives may also be sensitive to common
nonsalicylate foods (milk, chocolate, soy, eggs, wheat, corn, legumes)
as well as salicylate-containing grapes, tomatoes, and oranges Stevens
et al, 2011.
Trichlorophenols (organochlorine compounds in pesticides) have been
linked to ADHD Xu
et al, 2011 Organochlorines Sagiv
et al, 2012
Prenatal exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (air pollutants
from fossil fuel burning and other combustion sources) has been associated
with attention deficits
Perera et al, 2012
Exposure to polybromodiphenyl ethers used as flame retardants has
been linked to ADHD Gascon
et al, 2011
High serum serum concentrations of persistent organic pollutants belonging
to the categories of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated
dibenzofurans have been associated with ADHD
Lee et al, 2007
omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids as well as magnesium and zinc have
been reported to improve symptoms Huss
et al, 2010
Some ADHD children are sensitive to common nonsalicylate foods (milk,
chocolate, soy, eggs, wheat, corn, legumes) as well as salicylate-containing
grapes, tomatoes, and orange Stevens
et al, 2011.
The ScanBrit
study has reported significant improvement with gluten and casein
free diets in autism spectrum disorders, including ADHD Whiteley
et al, 2010
There is a lower prevalence of ADHD in areas with high solar intensity
( not found for the prevalence of autism spectrum disorders or major
depressive disorder) Arns
et al, 2013
Drugs and treatments
Ritalin
(methylphenidate) is most commonly used Refs
Treatment with carnitine has been reported to decrease the attention
problems and aggressive behavior in boys with ADHD Van
Oudheusden and Scholte, 2002
Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation, particularly with higher doses
of eicosapentaenoic acid has been shown to be moderately effective Bloch
and Qawasmi, 2011
A review noted that Zinc, iron, Pinus marinus (French maritime pine
bark), and a Chinese herbal formula (Ningdong) may be beneficial Sarris
et al, 2011
A combination of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids as well as magnesium
and zinc has been reported to be effective Huss
et al, 2010
ADHD and obsessice compulsive disorder symptoms are observed in Sydenham's
chorea ( a disease caused by childhood infection with Group A beta-hemolytic
Streptococci leading to an autoimmune response that destroys cells in
the basal ganglia) Ridel
et al, 2010
Low plasma levels of phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan, histidine,
and isoleucine Bornstein
et al, 1990
higher omega-3 levels polyunsaturated fatty acid levels were associated
with decreased inattention, hyperactivity, emotional and conduct difficulties
and increased levels of prosocial behaviour Kirby
et al, 2010.
Increased levels of malondialdehde ( a marker of oxidative stress
and lipid peroxidation) Bulut
et al, 2007
ADHD is associated with increased antennary fucosylation of biantennary
glycans and decreased levels of some complex glycans with three or four
antennas.Pivac
et al, 2011
Glutathione peroxidase activities of ADHD patients were significantly
lower and catalase levels higher Ceylan
et al, 2010
total and HDL cholesterol levels were significantly increased in patients
with low monoamine oxidase activity Kiive
at al, 2005
Overall symptom ratings have been associated with increases of the
interleukins IL16 and IL13, inveresly correlated with S100B levels:
Increased response time variability has been related to lower TNF-alpha,
and higher Interferon gamma levels Oades
et al, 2010
Low serum levels of docasahexaenoic, dihomogammalinolenic, and arachidonic
acids have been reported Mitchell
et al, 1987 along with low plasma levels of alpha-linoleic acid
and oleic acid Spahis
et al, 2008
plasma gamma-linolenic acid in ADHD children was higher than that
in controls . For phospholipids isolated from red blood cell membranes,
oleic acid was significantly higher, whereas nervonic acid , linoleic
acid , arachidonic acid , and docosahexaenoic acid were lower in subjects
with ADHD Chen
et al, 2004.
An article on the developmental toxicity of industrial chemicals Labie
2007
DEVNERTOX
Toxic threats to the developing nervous system: in vivo and in vitro studies
on the effects of mixture of neurotoxic substances potentially contaminating
food
HAZMAP A Relational
Database of Hazardous Chemicals and Occupational Diseases
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