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www.chlamydiae.com Parasite Host Cell Interaction 2D-PAGE database Baron S, editor. Medical Microbiology. 4th edition. Galveston (TX): University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston; 1996. Available from: NCBI Books Wikipedia

Other interactomes :Bornavirus; Borrelia Burgdorferi; Candida albicans; ; Cryptococcus Neoformans; Ebola virus; Epstein-Barr virus; Helicobacter pylori ; Hepatitis C virus; Herpes simplex (HSV-1); HERV-W; HIV-1, Human Protein Interaction Database (NCBI); Human cytomegalovirus; Influenza A virus; Porphyromonas Gingivalis; Toxoplasma Gondii; Trypanosoma Cruzi

 

Host proteins used by Chlamydia Pneumoniae during its life cycle.

If you know of other interactions, (or corrections) please with Pubmed ID, gene symbol/accession number and interacting protein. Thank you.

Amino acids

Chlamydiae import arginine from the host Smith and Graham, 2008

Leucine, isoleucine, methionine and phenylalanine inhibit the growth of C.trachomatis and C.Pneumoniae. Tryptophan and valine marginally inhibited C. trachomatis growth and enhance C. pneumoniae growth. glutamate, glutamine and aspartate stimulated C. pneumoniae growth more than that of C. trachomatis. Al-Younes et al, 2006 A C Pneumoniae protein Cpn1046 is able to hydroxylate phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan. Cpn1046 is expressed within 24 h of infection, allowing C. pneumoniae to hydroxylate host stores of aromatic amino acids during the period of logarithmic bacterial growth Abromaitis et al, 2009.

C.Pneumoniae expresses an external sphingomyelinase converting host sphingomyelin, to ceramide. Biophysical properties of the two provide the driving force for autoendocytosis of the bacterium Peñate Medina et al, 2014

  1. ABCA1 ATP-binding cassette, sub-family A (ABC1), member 1 : C. pneumoniae modifies cholesterol homoeostasis in human THP-1 macrophages via JNK-PPARG dependent pathways and downregulation of ABCA1 and ABCG1 Liu et al, 2010
  2. ABCG1 ATP-binding cassette, sub-family G (WHITE), member 1 : C. pneumoniae modifies cholesterol homoeostasis in human THP-1 macrophages via JNK-PPARG dependent pathways and downregulation of ABCA1 and ABCG1 Liu et al, 2010
  3. ACADM acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, C-4 to C-12 straight chain: ACADM and CPT1A mRNA Hypertriglyceridemia produced by C.Pneumoniae was associated with reduced expression of hepatic carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1a (Cpt1a) and medium chain acyl-Coenzyme A dehydrogenase (Acadm) Marangoni et al, 2015.
  4. ACAT1 acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase 1: The bacterium induces macrophage related foam cell formation via ACAT1 upregulation He et al, 2009
  5. ADD1 : adducin 1 (alpha) Recruited to the chlamydial inclusion Chu et al, 2008
  6. Agmatine: a functional arginine-agmatine bacterial exchange system protects against host nitric oxide production and innate immunity (takes in host arginine) Giles et al, 2009
  7. AIFM1 AIFM1 – apoptosis-inducing factor, mitochondrion-associated, 1: C. pneumoniae-induced apoptosis in human coronary artery endothelial cells is caspase-independent and regulated by Bax and apoptosis-inducing factor Schöier et al, 2006.
  8. AKT1 Phosphorylation increased by infection in Jurkat cells Hirai et al, 2012
  9. ALDOA aldolase A, fructose-bisphosphate: sequestered by chlamydial outer protein N Ishida et al, 2014
  10. ALOX12 – arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase: platelet activation by C.Pneumoniae is antagonised by 12-lipoxygenase inhibition (involved in reactive oxygen species production and oxidation of LDL ) Kälvegren et al, 2007
  11. APOE APOE4 enhances attachment of C.Pneumoniae elementary bodies to host cells Gérard et al, 2008
  12. APOB C.Pneumoniae elementary bodies binds to APOB containing fractions of lipoproteins Bashmakov et al, 2010
  13. APP amyloid beta (A4) precursor protein: C.Pneumoniae infection increases brain beta-amyloid deposition in mice Little et al, 2004
  14. ATF2 activating transcription factor 2: During Chlamydia pneumoniae infection, the expression and activity of AP-1 family proteins c-Jun, c-Fos, and ATF-2 were regulated in a time- and dose-dependent manner Krämer et al, 2015.
  15. ATP6V1H ATPase, H+ transporting, lysosomal 50/57kDa, V1 subunit H: Inhibition inhibits growth Ouellette et al, 2011
  16. B2M – beta-2-microglobulin: enhanced severity of infection of TAP1-/-/beta2-microglobulin -/- mice Rottenberg et al, 1999
  17. BAD BCL2-associated agonist of cell death: Bim, Puma and Bad proteins disappear during cellular infection Fischer et al, 2004
  18. BBC3 BCL2 binding component 3 (Puma) Bim, Puma and Bad proteins disappear during cellular infection Fischer et al, 2004
  19. BCL2L11 BCL2-like 11 (apoptosis facilitator) (Bim): Bim, Puma and Bad proteins disappear during cellular infection Fischer et al, 2004
  20. BIN1 bridging integrator 1 (Amphiphysin II ): required for survival of Chlamydia pneumoniae in macrophages Gold et al, 2004
  21. BIRC2 baculoviral IAP repeat-containing 2 : regulates immunity to pulmonary infection Prakash et al, 2009
  22. BIRC3 baculoviral IAP repeat containing 3: nduces the expression induced by infection in a human monocytic cell line Wahl et al, 2003.
  23. BRCA1 – breast cancer 1, early onset: reduced expression in isolated C.pneumoniae positive human atherosclerotic plaques Ja et al, 2011
  24. BSG (EMMPRIN; basigin (Ok blood group) ) activated by C.Pneumoniae in monocytes Schmidt et al, 2006
  25. C4A complement component 4A (Rodgers blood group) and C4B complement component 4B (Chido blood group): Deficiency in humans predisposes to chlamydial infections Kozlov et al, 2001
  26. Calcium channels: L-type voltage sensitive calcium channels influence C.Pneumoniae infection and effects in macrophages Azenabor et al, 2004 L-type calcium channel subunits on macrophages include CACNA1C , CACNB1 and CACNB2 Das et al, 2009,
  27. CAMP cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide: Chlamydia virulence factor Pgp3 neutralizes the antichlamydial activity of human cathelicidin LL-37 Hou et al, 2015
  28. CANX Calnexin: CPn0809 and CPn1020 colocalise with calnexin Muller et al, 2008
  29. CALR Calreticulin University of AArhus 2D database
  30. CAPRIN2 caprin family member 2 |: interacts with the C.pneumoniae inclusion membrane protein Cpn1027 Flores and Zhong, 2015
  31. CASP1 involved in cleavage of IL1B induced by C.Pneumoniae infection He et al, 2010
  32. CASP3 Chlamydia inhibits apoptosis by blocking caspase 3 activation and mitochondrial cytochrome C release Airenne et al, 2002
  33. CASP8 activated by infection in T lymphocytes Olivares-Zavaleta et al, 2011
  34. CASP9 activated by infection in T lymphocytes Olivares-Zavaleta et al, 2011
  35. CAT Catalase Activity increased by infection in macrophages Azenabor et al, 2003
  36. CAV1 Caveolins associate with Chlamydial inclusion bodies Webley et al, 2004
  37. CAV2 Caveolins associate with Chlamydial inclusion bodies Webley et al, 2004
  38. CCL5 chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5L (RANTES) induced by C. pneumoniae infection in mouse fibroblasts Chiliveru et al, 2010
  39. CCND1 – cyclin D1: Upregulated by IFN- gamma -induced persistent C. pneumoniae infection in HL cells Mannonen et al, 2007.
  40. CCND3 Cyclin D3: Protein levels downregulated by infection in Jurkat cells Hirai et al, 2012
  41. CCT5 chaperonin containing TCP1, subunit 5 (epsilon) University of AArhus 2D database
  42. CD3 expression in lymphocyte Molt-4 cells decreased by C. pneumoniae infection Yamaguchi et al, 2008
  43. CD8A CD8B enhanced severity of infection of CD8-/- mice Rottenberg et al, 1999
  44. CD14 binds to C.Pneumoniae on macrophages Azenabor et al, 2005
  45. Cholesterol : C. pneumoniae modifies cholesterol homoeostasis in human THP-1 macrophages via JNK-PPARG dependent pathways Liu et al, 2010
    • Entry into epithelial cell lines is cholesterol dependent and blocked by nystatin or filipin Korhonen et al, 2011
  46. CD40 and CD86 expression downregulated by bacterial MOMP protein in mouse macrophages Bermudez-Fajardo et al, 2011
  47. CD69 and CD40LG (cd154 in mouse) downregulated by bacterial MOMP protein in mouse activated CD4(+) T cells Bermudez-Fajardo et al, 2011
  48. CDH2 – cadherin 2, type 1, N-cadherin (neuronal) : C. pneumoniae infection of human brain microvascular endothelial cells resulted increases expression of the beta-catenin, N-cadherin, and VE-cadherin, and decreases expression of the tight junctional protein occludin MacIntyre et al, 2002
  49. CDH5 – cadherin 5, type 2 (vascular endothelium) see above: MacIntyre et al, 2002
  50. CDKN1A – cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A (p21, Cip1): promoter activated by infection in epithelial cells Gencay et al, 2003
  51. CEBPB CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP), beta: C. pneumoniae activates C/EBP-beta, NF-kappaB, and the glucocorticoid receptor in infected epithelial cells Gencay et al, 2003
  52. chondroitin sulfate A: C. pneumoniae and C. trachomatis attachment inhibited by exogenous Csa (suggesting attachment to recptors containg Csa) Yan et al, 2006
  53. CFL1 Cofilin: CPn0572 stabilizes pre-assembled F-actin by displacing and/or inhibiting binding of the actin-severing protein cofilin Zrieg et al, 2017.
  54. CHRNA4 CHRNA7 CHRNB2 CHRNB4 Nicotinic acteylcholine receptors: Nicotine stimulated chlamydial growth via cholinergic receptors in hepG2 cells, which contain these subunits Yamaguchi et al, 2003
  55. CHUK – conserved helix-loop-helix ubiquitous kinase: activated by C.Pneumoniae infection in in human monocytic lineage cells Donath et al, 2002.
  56. CKB Creatine kinase B-type University of AArhus 2D database
  57. COL1A1 collagen, type I, alpha 1: Expression decreased by infection in fibroblasts Baumert et al, 2009
  58. COL3A1 collagen, type III, alpha 1 : Expression decreased by infection in fibroblasts Baumert et al, 2009
  59. COL4A3BP collagen, type IV, alpha 3 (Goodpasture antigen) binding protein recruited to the chlamydial inclusion Moorhead et al, 2010
  60. CFP Properdin binds to C.Pneumoniae and promotes complement activation, depositing complement components C3 and C9 on the bacterial surface Cortes et al, 2011
  61. COL1A1 collagen, type I, alpha 1: infection of human fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells by C. pneumoniae downregulated type I and III collagen and fibronectin expression Baumert et al, 2009
  62. COL3A1 ollagen, type III, alpha 1: See above Baumert et al, 2009
  63. COX1 cytochrome c oxidase subunit I : Macrophages stimulated with C. pneumoniae exhibit early release of reactive oxygen species via up-regulation of NADPH oxidase and cytochrome c oxidase Azenabor et al, 2005
  64. CPT1A carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A : ACADM and CPT1A mRNA Hypertriglyceridemia produced by C.Pneumoniae was associated with reduced expression of hepatic carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1a (Cpt1a) and medium chain acyl-Coenzyme A dehydrogenase (Acadm) Marangoni et al, 2015.
  65. CREB3 cAMP responsive element binding protein 3: inclusion membrane protein Cpn0147 interacts with host protein CREB3 Zhao et al, 2018.
  66. CRP C-reactive protein, pentraxin-related: acute phase protein upregulated by this and other infections de Maat and Kluft, 2001
  67. CSF2 colony stimulating factor 2 (granulocyte-macrophage) intra-nasal bacterial , inoculation increases plasma levels of IL2, IL5, IL6, IL10, IL12, GM-CSF (= CSF2) , IFN-gamma, and serum amyloid A Campbell et al, 2010
  68. CTGF – connective tissue growth factor: infection in HeLa cells inceased CTGF, IL6, IL8, IL11, LIF, EGR1 and ETV4 mRNA expression Peters et al, 2005
  69. expression CTNNB1 – catenin (cadherin-associated protein), beta 1, 88kDa: C. pneumoniae infection of human brain microvascular endothelial cells resulted increases expression of the beta-catenin, N-cadherin, and VE-cadherin, and decreases expression of the tight junctional protein occludin MacIntyre et al, 2002,
  70. CXCL9 chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 9: Alias:CMK, Humig, MIG, SCYB9, crg-10: has antichlamydial activity: CXCL*, CXCL10 and CXCL11 induced by infection Balogh et al, 2011
  71. CXCL10 – chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 10: induced by C. pneumoniae infection in mouse fibroblasts Chiliveru et al, 2010
  72. CXCR7 chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 7: involved in entry in human coronary artery endothelial cells Wang et al, 2010
  73. CYBA – cytochrome b-245, alpha polypeptide: Expression increased by infection in porcine coronary arteries, Increased production of superoxide Deniset et al, 2012
  74. CYBB cytochrome b-245, beta polypeptide: mRNA expression increased by infection of vascular smooth muscle cells Rivera et al, 2011
  75. CYCS cytochrome c, somatic: Chlamydia inhibits apoptosis by blocking caspase 3 activation and mitochondrial cytochrome C release Airenne et al, 2002
  76. CYP7A1 C. pneumoniae and HCMV infection decrease CYP7A1 promoter activity in human hepatoblastoma HepG2 cells Michelini et al, 2012
  77. DEFB4A defensin, beta 4A: induced by C.Pneumoniae in brain capillary endothelial cells Tiszlavicz et al, 2011.
  78. DUSP1 dual specificity phosphatase 1 Knockout impairs resistance to the bacterium Rodriguez et al, 2010
  79. EDN1 endothelin 1: Expresssion induced by infection in vascular smooth muscle cells Kern et al, 2009
  80. EDNRA endothelin receptor type A upregulated by infection of endothelial cells Kern et al, 2009
  81. EEA1 – early endosome antigen 1 : C.Pneumoniae colocalizes with surfactant protein (SP)-A-mediated endocytosed lipid and early endosomes (EEA1- and Rab5-positive) after 3 and 6 h of infection in pneumocytes Wissel et al, 2003
  82. EEF1B2 eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 beta 2 University of AArhus 2D database
  83. EGFR epidermal growth factor receptor: Receptor for a chlamydial invasin (pmp21) which activates downstream recruitment of adaptors Grb2 (growth factor receptor-bound protein 2 )and CBL (Cbl proto-oncogene, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase )and activation of ERK1/2 (MAPK1, MAPK3 ) Mölleken et al, 2013
  84. EGR1 early growth response 1 activated by infection of human coronary artery smooth muscle cells Rupp et al, 2005
  85. EIF3I eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3, subunit I University of AArhus 2D database
  86. EIF5A eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A University of AArhus 2D database
  87. ELK1 – ELK1, member of ETS oncogene family: C pneumoniae-stimulates phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and Elk-1 in mouse macrophages Bea et al, 2003
  88. ETV4 – ets variant 4: infection in HeLa cells inceased CTGF, IL6, IL8, IL11, LIF, EGR1 and ETV4 mRNA expression Peters et al, 2005
  89. F3 F3 – coagulation factor III (thromboplastin, tissue factor): Tissue factor, PAI-1, and IL6 expression increased in infected Human vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells: NF-kappaB was activated and IkappaBalpha degraded Dechend et al, 1999
  90. FABP4 fatty acid binding protein 4: chemical inhibition or genetic silencing of FABP4 significantly abrogated C. pneumoniae infection-induced lipolysis and mobilization of liberated free fatty acids, resulting in reduced bacterial growth in adipocytes Walenna et al, 2018
  91. FAS Fas (TNF receptor superfamily, member 6): Chlamydia trachomatis and C.Pneumoniae inhibit fasf-mediated apoptosis Fischer et al, 2004
  92. FCGR2A – Fc fragment of IgG, low affinity IIa, receptor (CD32): Induced by C.pneumoniae infection of human aortic endothelial cells Vielma et al, 2002 FCGR2B – Fc fragment of IgG, low affinity IIb, receptor (CD32)
  93. PTK2 protein tyrosine kinase 2 ( aka FAK) Tyrosine phosphorylation of FAK preceded its appearance in a complex with the p85 subunit of PI 3-kinase ( PIK3R1) during C.pneumoniae invasion Coombes and Mahony, 2002
  94. FGA – fibrinogen alpha chain (complexes with FGB and FGG) production incresaed by infection in hepatocytes Bouwman et al, 2004
  95. FGF2 fibroblast growth factor 2 (basic): expression upregulated by infection in human endothelial cells Prochnau et al, 2004.
  96. FLOT1 flotillin 1: colocalizes with the Inclusion membrane protein A (IncA) in C. pneumoniae inclusion membranes Korhonen et al, 2012
  97. FLT3LG – fms-related tyrosine kinase 3 ligand: results in greater lung inflammation during acute C.Pneumoniae infection Crother et al, 2012.
  98. FN1 fibronectin 1: Expression decreased by infection in fibroblasts Baumert et al, 2009
  99. GBP2 – guanylate binding protein 2, interferon-inducible : Upregulated by infection in mediastinal lymph node lymphocytes Kyläniemi et al, 2009
  100. GCLC – glutamate-cysteine ligase, catalytic subunit : Inhibition increases chlamydial cHSP-60 gene and protein expression in macrophages Azenabor et al, 2006
  101. GEM GTP binding protein overexpressed in skeletal muscle involved in entry in human coronary artery endothelial cells Wang et al, 2010
  102. Glycolysis: Host glycolysis enhances bacterial growth in hypoxic conditions: Rna silencing of phosphofructokinase (PFKP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDHA), glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPD2) or forkheadbox O3 (FOXO3) abrogated chlamydial progeny Szaszák et al, 2013
  103. GNLY – granulysin : Upregulated in T cells by bacterial infection Walch et al, 2009
  104. GSK3B glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta : interacts with the C.pneumoniae inclusion membrane protein Cpn1027 Flores and Zhong, 2015
  105. GSTP1 glutathione S-transferase pi 1 University of AArhus 2D database
  106. GZMB – granzyme B (granzyme 2, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated serine esterase 1) Upregulated in T cells by bacterial infection Walch et al, 2009
  107. HAMP – hepcidin antimicrobial peptide: peak of viable bacteria in the infected liver associates with increased SLC11A2 and iron contents and increased hepcidin expression Edvinsson et al, 2008
  108. HDC – histidine decarboxylase: Induced by lung infection Burián et al,2003
  109. Heparan sulphate: C. pneumoniae OmcB is an adhesin that binds heparan sulphate-like glycosaminoglycans Moelleken and Hegemann, 2008
  110. Heparin binds to bacterial OmcB Stephens et al, 2001
  111. HIF1A hypoxia inducible factor 1, alpha subunit is degraded by the the chlamydial protease-like activity factor CPAF , which is secreted into the cytoplasm of infected cells Rupp et al, 2007
  112. HLA-A major histocompatibility complex, class I, A: some infected patients have CD8(+) T cells capable of recognizing the Chlamydial HSP-70 (HLA-A*0201) Carralot et al, 2005
  113. HLA-B – major histocompatibility complex, class I, B: The HLA-B*35 allele is a strong-risk gene for C. pneumoniae infection Palikhe et al, 2008
  114. HLA-DRB1 – major histocompatibility complex, class II, DR beta 1: HLA class II allele DRB1*0701 was positively correlated with Chlamydial hsp60 response and DQB1*0301 and DQB1*0501 were negatively associated Peeling et al, 1998
  115. HLA-DQB1 major histocompatibility complex, class II, DQ beta 1 see above
  116. HMGB1 – high mobility group box 1: released from human aortic endothelial cells suffering aponecrosis following infection Marino et al, 2008
  117. HMGCR – 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase.inhibition reduces Chlamydia pneumoniae-induced cell interaction and activation.Dechend et al, 2003
  118. HNRNPD – heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein D (AU-rich element RNA binding protein 1, 37kDa). Chlamydial GroEL1 increases VCAM-1 mRNA stability and cytosolic AU-binding factor 1 (AUF1/HNRNPD) levels in endothelial cells Huang et al, 2013.
  119. HSPA5 heat shock 70kDa protein 5 (Bip or GRP78 : glucose-regulated protein, 78kDa) University of AArhus 2D database
  120. HSPA8 heat shock 70kDa protein 8 University of AArhus 2D database
  121. HSPA9 heat shock 70kDa protein 9 (mortalin) University of AArhus 2D database
  122. HSPD1 heat shock 60kDa protein 1 (chaperonin) University of AArhus 2D database
  123. IDO1 Restricts bacterial growth via diversion of tyryptophan metabolism to the kynurenine pathway ( a common bacterial defence mechanism) Njau et al, 2009
  124. IFIT1 interferon-induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats 1: induced by C. pneumoniae infection in mouse fibroblasts Chiliveru et al, 2010
  125. IFIT3 – interferon-induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats 3: Upregulated by infection in mediastinal lymph node lymphocytes Kyläniemi et al, 2009
  126. IFNA1 Infection of murine bone marrow-derived macrophages with Chlamydia pneumoniae induces IFN-alpha/beta- and NF-kappaBeta-dependent expression of IFN-gamma Trumstedt et al, 2007
  127. IFNB1 interferon, beta 1, fibroblast: infection of human endothelial cells with C. pneumoniae-induced production of IFN-beta Buss et al, 2010
  128. IFNG interferon, gamma: intra-nasal bacterial inoculation increases plasma levels of IL2, IL5, IL6, IL10, IL12, GM-CSF (= CSF2) , IFN-gamma, and serum amyloid A Campbell et al, 2010
  129. IFNGR1 – interferon gamma receptor 1: IFN-gamma-/- or IFN-gamma receptor (R)-/- mice are highly susceptible to infection with C. pneumoniae Rothfuchs et al, 2006
  130. IGF2R mannose 6 -phosphate IGF2 receptor used in epithelial cells Puolakkainen et al, 2005
    1. Retinoic acid also inhibits chlamydial growth via this receptor Puolakkainen et al, 2008
  131. IGFBP6 – insulin-like growth factor binding protein 6 : Upregulated by IFN- gamma -induced persistent C. pneumoniae infection in HL cells Mannonen et al, 2007.
  132. IKBKB – inhibitor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells, kinase beta : reduced expression in isolated C.pneumoniae positive human atherosclerotic plaques Ja et al, 2011
  133. IL1B interleukin 1, beta regulates inflammation and fibrosis induced by C.Pneumoniae He et al, 2010
  134. IL2 interleukin 2: intra-nasal bacterial inoculation increases plasma levels of IL2, IL5, IL6, IL10, IL12, GM-CSF, IFN-gamma, and serum amyloid A Campbell et al, 2010
  135. IL5 Interleukin 5: intra-nasal bacterial inoculation increases plasma levels of IL2, IL5, IL6, IL10, IL12, GM-CSF, IFN-gamma, and serum amyloid A Campbell et al, 2010
  136. IL6 interleukin 6: polymorphism modifies chlamydial growth Poikonen et al 2009
  137. IL7R interleukin 7 receptor : Upregulated by IFN- gamma -induced persistent C. pneumoniae infection in HL cells Mannonen et al, 2007.
  138. IL8 interleukin 8: infection in HeLa cells inceased CTGF, IL6, IL8, IL11, LIF, EGR1 and ETV4 mRNA expression Peters et al, 2005
  139. IL10 interleukin 10: regulates intramacrophage Chlamydia pneumoniae replication by modulating intracellular iron homeostasis Bellmann-Weiler et al, 2012.
  140. IL11 Interleukin 11: infection in HeLa cells inceased CTGF, IL6, IL8, IL11, LIF, EGR1 and ETV4 mRNA expression Peters et al, 2005
  141. IL12A interleukin 12A (natural killer cell stimulatory factor 1, cytotoxic lymphocyte maturation factor 1, p35) (heterodimer of IL12A and IL12B) intra-nasal bacterial inoculation increases plasma levels of IL2, IL5, IL6, IL10, IL12, GM-CSF, IFN-gamma, and serum amyloid A Campbell et al, 2010
  142. IL12B interleukin 12B (natural killer cell stimulatory factor 2, cytotoxic lymphocyte maturation factor 2, p40) see above Campbell et al, 2010
  143. IL13 interleukin 13: increases the cytokine response to C.Pneumonia in human bronchial epithelial cells Park et al, 2010
  144. IL17A interleukin 17A: C. pneumoniae infection in mice induced IL-17A and IL-17F from day 2 after infection : reinfection leads to an incriease in IL25 (aka IL17E) expression Mosolygó et al, 2013
  145. IL17F interleukin 17F: C. pneumoniae infection in mice induced IL-17A and IL-17F from day 2 after infection : reinfection leads to an incriease in IL25 (aka IL17E) expression Mosolygó et al, 2013
  146. IL18 interleukin 18: C. pneumoniae stimulated IL18 production via MyD88-dependent pathway Netea et al, 2004
  147. IL25 interleukin 25: C. pneumoniae infection in mice induced IL-17A and IL-17F from day 2 after infection : reinfection leads to an incriease in IL25 (aka IL17E) expression Mosolygó et al, 2013
  148. INSR Insulin receptor Downregulated in infected progenitor adipose cells Shi et al, 2008
  149. IQGAP1 – IQ motif containing GTPase activating protein 1 :C.pneumoniae infection promotes vascular smooth muscle cell adhesion and migration via IQGAP1 Zhang et al, 2012
  150. IRAK4 IRAK4, but not IRF3, controls C. pneumoniae-induced IFN-alpha and IFN-gamma secretion and bacterial growth in bone marrow macrophages Trumstedt et al, 2007
  151. IRF1 – interferon regulatory factor 1: C. pneumoniae induced the production of low levels of interferon (IFN)-beta and of IRF1 and IRF9 in bronchial and vascular smooth muscle cells Rödel et al, 2001
  152. IRF3 interferon regulatory factor 3 C. pneumoniae infection increases IRF3 and IRF7 nuclear translocation in human vascular endothelial cells Buss et al, 2010
  153. IRF7 interferon regulatory factor 7 C. pneumoniae infection increases IRF3 and IRF7 nuclear translocation in human vascular endothelial cells Buss et al, 2010
  154. IRF9 interferon regulatory factor 9: C. pneumoniae induced the production of low levels of interferon (IFN)-beta and of IRF1 and IRF9 in bronchial and vascular smooth muscle cells Rödel et al, 2001
  155. IRS1 insulin receptor substrate 1: Downregulated in infected progenitor adipose cells Shi et al, 2008
  156. ISG15 – ISG15 ubiquitin-like modifier : Upregulated by IFN- gamma -induced persistent C. pneumoniae infection in HL cells Mannonen et al, 2007.
  157. ITGA5 – integrin, alpha 5 (fibronectin receptor, alpha polypeptide) : Integrin alpha(v)beta(3) involved in C. pneumoniae infection in Hela cells Caronzolo et al, 2006
  158. ITGB2 Integrin and complement component 3 receptor 3 and 4 subunit Involved in adherence to aortic epithelial cella Kalayoglu et al, 2001
  159. ITGB3 – integrin, beta 3 (platelet glycoprotein IIIa, antigen CD61): Integrin alpha(v)beta(3) involved in C. pneumoniae infection in Hela cells Caronzolo et al, 2006
  160. ITPR1 – inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor, type 1: Expression decreased by infection in porcine coronary arteries: Also a reducion in L-type calcium channel expression Deniset et al, 2012
  161. JUN – jun proto-oncogene : Infection activates nuclear factor kappaB and activator protein 1 (Jun) in human vascular smooth muscle Miller et al, 2000
  162. KNG1 – kininogen 1 (Bradykinin) C. pneumoniae infection reduced bradykinin-induced relaxation of precontracted tissue (porcine coronary arteries) Deniset et al, 2012
  163. KRT8 Keratin degraded by chlamydial CPAF Savijoki et al, 2008
  164. KRT17 University of AArhus 2D database
  165. KRT18 Keratin degraded by chlamydial CPAF Savijoki et al, 2008
  166. LBP – lipopolysaccharide binding protein: serum LBP concentration increased post infection in mice Tiirola et al, 2002
  167. LCAT – lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase: Progressive decline in serum activity post-infection in mice Tiirola et al, 2002
  168. LCN2 lipocalin 2: involved in host defence against Chlamydia presumably by limiting the availability of iron to the pathogen Bellmann-Weiler et al, 2012
  169. LDHA lactate dehydrogenase A: released from human aortic endothelial cells suffering aponecrosis following infection Marino et al, 2008
  170. LDLR low density lipoprotein receptor: Delivery of C.pneumoniae to the vessel wall aggravates atherosclerosis in LDLr knockout mice Hauer et al, 2006.
  171. LGALS1 lectin, galactoside-binding, soluble, 1 University of AArhus 2D database
  172. LIF – leukemia inhibitory factor: infection in HeLa cells inceased CTGF, IL6, IL8, IL11, LIF, EGR1 and ETV4 mRNA expression Peters et al, 2005
  173. LPL Lipoprotein lipase: induced by infection in macrophages Azenabor et al, 2004
  174. LTA – lymphotoxin alpha (TNF superfamily, member 1): inhibits C. pneumoniae growth in HEp-2 cells.Matsushima et al, 1999
  175. LY96 lymphocyte antigen 96: chlamydial cHSP60 is induces vascular endothelial and macrophage inflammatory responses via the innate immune receptor complex TLR4/LY96 Bulut et al, 2002.
  176. MAP2K1 MAP2K1 – mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 (MEK) : In epithelial cells C. pneumoniae invasion increased MEK-dependent phosphorylation and activation of ERK1/2, (MAPK1/MAPK3) followed by PI 3-kinase-dependent phosphorylation and activation of Akt1 Coombes and Mahony, 2002
  177. MAPK8 MAPK8 – mitogen-activated protein kinase 8 (jnk) Induction of iNOS by C.pneumoniae requires MyD88-dependent activation of JNK Rodriguez et al, 2008
  178. MAVS mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein: activated by infection in human endothelial vascular cells Buss et al, 2010
  179. MBL2 Mannose binding protein binds to major outer membrane protein on the outer surface of the chlamydial elementary body Swanson et al, 1998
  180. MDM2 MDM2 proto-oncogene, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase : MDM2-mediated degradation of p53 in Chlamydia-infected cells contributes to the anti-apoptotic influence upon the host cell González et al, 2014.
  181. MMP1 matrix metallopeptidase 1 (interstitial collagenase): expression increased by infection in peripheral blood monocytes Rupp et al, 2004
  182. MMP3 C. pneumoniae upregulates protein expression of adhesion molecules, MMP-1, and MMP-3 in vascular cells via OLR1 Samanta et al, 2017
  183. MMP7 matrix metallopeptidase 7 (matrilysin, uterine): activated by C.Pneumoniae in monocytes via EMMPRIN Schmidt et al, 2006
  184. MMP9 matrix metallopeptidase 9 (gelatinase B, 92kDa gelatinase, 92kDa type IV collagenase): activated by C.Pneumoniae in monocytes via EMMPRIN Schmidt et al, 2006
  185. MMP14 activated by C.Pneumoniae in monocytes via EMMPRIN Schmidt et al, 2006
  186. MSR1 macrophage scavenger receptor 1: upregulated by infection in human umbilical vein endothelial cells Shi and Tokunaga, 2004
  187. MYD88 myeloid differentiation primary response 88: C.Pneumoniae -induced IL-1ß secretion by macrophages requires TLR2/MyD88 and NLRP3/ASC1/Caspase-1 signaling Shimada et al, 2011 .
  188. MYLIP myosin regulatory light chain interacting protein : hepatic expression increased in infected mice Marangoni et al, 2015.
  189. N-acetyl cysteine increases the replication of Chlamydia pneumoniae and prolongs its clearance in mice Kokai et al, 2018
  190. NFKB1 nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells 1: C. pneumoniae activates C/EBP-beta, NF-kappaB, and the glucocorticoid receptor in infected epithelial cells Gencay et al, 2003
  191. NFKBIA – nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor, alpha : Tissue factor, PAI-1, and IL6 expression increased in infected Human vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells: NF-kappaB was activated and IkappaBalpha degraded Dechend et al, 1999 Depleted by C.Pneumoniae infection in in human monocytic lineage cells Donath et al, 2002.
  192. NFKBIE – nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor, epsilon: Depleted by C.Pneumoniae infection in in human monocytic lineage cells Donath et al, 2002.
  193. NLRP3 NLR family, pyrin domain containing 3 and PYCARD (inflammasome) are required for caspase ( CASP1) cleavage of IL1B induced by C.Pneumoniae uinfection He et al, 2010
  194. NOD1 nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 1 activated by C.Pneumonia in epithelial cells Opitz et al, 2005
  195. NOD2 nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 2 activated by C.Pneumonia in epithelial cells Opitz et al, 2005
  196. Nitric oxide limits chlamydial growth Carratelli et al, 2005
  197. NOS2 nitric oxide synthase 2, inducible: Nitric oxide prevents chlamydial infection of macrophages Carratelli et al, 2005
  198. NOS3 nitric oxide synthase 3 (endothelial cell) Chlamydia heat shock protein 60 decreases the expression in human and porcine coronary artery endothelial cells Chen et al, 2009.
  199. NOX1 NADPH oxidase 1: Macrophages stimulated with C. pneumoniae exhibit early release of reactive oxygen species via up-regulation of NADPH oxidase and cytochrome c oxidase Azenabor et al, 2005
  200. NR1H3 uclear receptor subfamily 1, group H, member 3 (LXR alpha) Involved in bacterial induced foam cell formation Chen et al, 2008
  201. NR3C1 nuclear receptor subfamily 3, group C, member 1 (glucocorticoid receptor): C. pneumoniae activates C/EBP-beta, NF-kappaB, and the glucocorticoid receptor in infected epithelial cells Gencay et al, 2003
  202. NRP1 – neuropilin 1: Upregulated in C. pneumoniae infected human umbilical vein endothelial cells Shi and Tokunaga, 2004
  203. OCLN occludin: C. pneumoniae infection of human brain microvascular endothelial cells resulted increases expression of the beta-catenin, N-cadherin, and VE-cadherin, and decreases expression of the tight junctional protein occludin MacIntyre et al, 2002
  204. OCRL oculocerebrorenal syndrome of Lowe ( phosphatidylinositol-bisphosphatase [EC:3.1.3.36] )recruited to the chlamydial inclusion Moorhead et al, 2010
  205. OLR1 oxidized low density lipoprotein (lectin-like) receptor 1 : Chlamydial receptor on epithelial cells Campbell et al, 2011
  206. OPTN Optineurin (fip2): Rab11-OPTN (Fip2) is recruited to the nascent inclusion upon internalization Mölleken and Hegemann, 2017
  207. OSBP oxysterol binding protein recruited to the chlamydial inclusion Moorhead et al, 2010
  208. PCNA proliferating cell nuclear antigen: Expression increased by infection in Human aortic vascular smooth muscle cells, associated with decreased nuclear binding of p53 Selzman et al, 2003.
  209. Phosphodiesterase 4 inhibition by rolipram attenuated C. pneumoniae infectivity in vitro in fibroblasts Haralambieva et al, 2004. PDE4A PDE4B PDE4C and PDE4D are inhibited by rolipram IUPHAR
  210. PDGFB platelet-derived growth factor beta polypeptide involved in entry in human coronary artery endothelial cells Wang et al, 2010
  211. PDIA2 – protein disulfide isomerase family A, member 2 : Required for entry in Cho cells Abromaitis and Stephens, 2009
  212. PDIA3 protein disulfide isomerase family A, member 3 University of AArhus 2D database
  213. PHACTR1 – phosphatase and actin regulator 1 :
  214. phosphatidylethanolamine: Chlamydial receptor on HeLa cells, along with asialo-GM1 (aka GA1) and asialo GM2 Krivan et al, 1991
  215. PI4K2A phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase type 2 alpharecruited to the chlamydial inclusion Moorhead et al, 2010
  216. PI4K2B phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase type 2 beta recruited to the chlamydial inclusion Moorhead et al, 2010
  217. PIK3R1 phosphoinositide-3-kinase, regulatory subunit 1 (alpha): Tyrosine phosphorylation of FAK preceded its appearance in a complex with the p85 subunit of PI 3-kinase ( PIK3R1) during C.pneumoniae invasion Coombes and Mahony, 2002
  218. PLA2G7 phospholipase A2, group VII (platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase, plasma): In atherotic plaques isolated from carotid arteries Lp-PLA(2) (PLA2G7) associates with plaque macrophages and C. pneumoniae Atik et al, 2010
  219. PLAUR plasminogen activator, urokinase receptor: secretion increased by C.Pneumoniae in monocytes via EMMPRIN Schmidt et al, 2006
  220. PPARA peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha: C.Pneumoniae induces foam cell formation in macrophages via PPARA and PPARG Mei et al, 2009
  221. PPARG peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma : C.Pneumoniae induces foam cell formation in macrophages via PPARA and PPARG Mei et al, 2009
  222. Prostaglandin E2 release increased by infection in lymphocyte Molt-4 cells Yamaguchi et al, 2008
  223. PSMB6 proteasome (prosome, macropain) subunit, beta type, 6 University of AArhus 2D database
  224. PSMB9 proteasome (prosome, macropain) subunit, beta type, 9 (large multifunctional peptidase 2) University of AArhus 2D database
  225. PSMD9 proteasome subunit University of AArhus 2D database
  226. PTK2B protein tyrosine kinase 2 beta (FAK): Tyrosine phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase induced by infection of host cells Coombes and Mahony,2002
  227. PTGS2 a selective cox-2 inhibitor PTPBS, inhibits C. pneumoniae growth in vitro but does not prevent infection or eradicate C. pneumoniae from host cells Yan et al, 2008.
  228. PYCARD PYD and CARD domain containing (inflammasome component) required for caspase (CASP1) cleavage of IL1B induced by C.Pneumoniae infection He et al, 2010
  229. PSME1 proteasome (prosome, macropain) activator subunit 1 (PA28 alpha) University of AArhus 2D database
  230. RAB1 RAB1, member RAS oncogene family Binds to the Chlamydia pneumoniae inclusion membrane protein Cpn0585 Cortes et al, 2007
  231. RAB4A – RAB4A, member RAS oncogene family: Binds to the Chlamydia pneumoniae inclusion membrane protein Cpn0585 Cortes et al, 2007
  232. RAB5A – RAB5A, member RAS oncogene family : C.Pneumoniae colocalizes with surfactant protein (SP)-A-mediated endocytosed lipid and early endosomes (EEA1- and Rab5-positive) after 3 and 6 h of infection in pneumocytes Wissel et al, 2003
  233. RAB7A After entry, the early chlamydial inclusion acquires early endosomal Rab GTPases including Rab4, Rab5, Rab7, as well as the two recycling-specific Rabs Rab11 and Rab14 Mölleken and Hegemann, 2017
  234. RAB10 Binds to the Chlamydia pneumoniae inclusion membrane protein Cpn0585 Cortes et al, 2007
  235. RAB11A Binds to the Chlamydia pneumoniae inclusion membrane protein Cpn0585 Cortes et al, 2007
  236. RAC1 ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (rho family, small GTP binding protein Rac1): activated in C. pneumoniae-infected cells.Eitel et al, 2012
  237. TNFSF11 – tumor necrosis factor (ligand) superfamily, member 11 (RANKL) IL6 and RANKL expression increased by C.pneumoniae infection in human osteoblast-like cell line hFOB Bailey et al, 2008
  238. RAC1 – ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (rho family, small GTP binding protein Rac1). vascular smooth muscle cell infection increased cell membrane-associated RhoA and Rac1 Dechend et al, 2003
  239. RAG1 – recombination activating gene 1: Infection of bone marrow-derived macrophages reduced in RAG1 knockouts Rothfuchs et al, 2004
  240. RARA or RARB ? Retinoic acid inhibits chlamydial growth via a RAR receptor Puolakkainen et al, 2008
  241. RELA v-rel reticuloendotheliosis viral oncogene homolog A (avian) degraded by the chlamydial protease CPAF Christian et al, 2010
  242. RFX5 regulatory factor X, 5 (influences HLA class II expression) degraded by the chlamydial protease CPAF Fan et al, 2002
  243. RHOA – ras homolog family member A: vascular smooth muscle cell infection increased cell membrane-associated RhoA and Rac1 Dechend et al, 2003
  244. RIPK2 – receptor-interacting serine-threonine kinase 2: Essential for host defense against C.Pneumoniae lung infection Shimada et al, 2009
  245. RPLP2 ribosomal protein, large, P2 University of AArhus 2D database
  246. RPS6KB1 ribosomal protein S6 kinase, 70kDa, polypeptide 1: Phosphorylation inhibited by infection in Jurkat cells Hirai et al, 2012
  247. S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) : Chlamydial species lack the enzyme necessary for SAM synthesis and scavenge it from the host via a specific transporter Binet et al, 2011
  248. SAA1 serum amyloid A1: intra-nasal bacterial inoculation increases plasma levels of IL2, IL5, IL6, IL10, IL12, GM-CSF (= CSF2) , IFN-gamma, and serum amyloid A Campbell et al, 2010
  249. SCARB1 scavenger receptor class B, member 1: chlamydial growth is attenuated in SCARB1-silenced cells Korhonen et al, 2011
  250. SELE – selectin E: expression increased by infection in human umbilical vein endothelial cells , along with ICAM1 and VCAM1 Kaukoranta-Tolvanen et al, 1996
  251. SELP – selectin P (granule membrane protein 140kDa, antigen CD62) : C.pneumoniae binds to platelets and triggers P-selectin expression Kälvegren et al, 2003
  252. SERPINE1 – serpin peptidase inhibitor, clade E (nexin, plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1), member 1 : Tissue factor, PAI-1, and IL6 expression increased in infected Human vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells: NF-kappaB was activated and IkappaBalpha degraded Dechend et al, 1999
  253. SLC5A6 solute carrier family 5 (sodium-dependent vitamin transporter), member 6: used by Chlamydia to move multiple essential compounds into the inclusion body Fisher et al, 2012
  254. SLC11A2 solute carrier family 11 (proton-coupled divalent metal ion transporters), member 2 : peak of viable bacteria in the infected liver associates with increased SLC11A2 and iron contents and increased hepcidin expression Edvinsson et al, 2008
  255. SLC40A1 solute carrier family 40 member 1 (ferreportin): Bacterial growth is iron-dependent: SLC40A1, hepcidin (HAMP) and the transferrin receptor (TFRC) are upregullated in the livers of infected mice Edvinsson et al, 2017.
  256. SFTPA1 – surfactant protein A1: enhances the phagocytosis of Chlamydia into THP-1 cells Oberley et al, 2004
  257. SFTPD – surfactant protein D.enhances the phagocytosis of Chlamydia into THP-1 cells Oberley et al, 2004
  258. SMAD4 – SMAD family member 4: reduced expression in isolated C.pneumoniae positive human atherosclerotic plaques Ja et al, 2011
  259. SOCS1 suppressor of cytokine signaling 1: protects against C.pneumoniae related inflammation but reduces bacterial clearance.
  260. SOD1 superoxide dismutase 1, soluble: Upregulated by C.Pneumoniae in macrophages Azenabor and Chaudhry, 2003
  261. SQSTM1 sequestosome 1: down-regulated at 24hrs and up-regulated at 72hrs following infection of neuronal cells Slutter, PhD thesis, 2011
  262. STAT1 regulates IFNB and IFNB control of Chlamydial infection and controls IDO1 Rothfuchs et al, 2006
  263. TAP1 – transporter 1, ATP-binding cassette, sub-family B (MDR/TAP) enhanced severity of infection of TAP1-/-/beta2-microglobulin -/- mice Rottenberg et al, 1999
  264. STX6 Syntaxin 6 : Recruited to the chlamydial inclusion Moore et al, 2011
  265. TF transferrin : Reverses the deleterious effect of iron starvation on C.Pneumoniae survival Chlamydia may use iron transport pathways of the host by attracting transferrin receptors ( TFRC, TRF2 ) to the phagosome Al-Younes et al, 1999
  266. TFRC Transferrin receptor : Bacterial growth is iron-dependent: SLC40A1, hepcidin (HAMP) and the transferrin receptor (TFRC) are upregullated in the livers of infected mice Edvinsson et al, 2017.
  267. TGFB1 C. pneumoniae-infected human bronchial epithelial cell showed enhanced secretion of VEGF, TGF-beta, and TIMP-1 Park et al, 2010
  268. TICAM1 – toll-like receptor adaptor molecule 1 (Trif) : C. pneumoniae facilitates foam cell formation via activation of both MyD88-dependent and MyD88-independent (i.e.TICAM1-dependent and IRF3-dependent) pathways downstream of TLR2 and TLR4 Chen et al, 2008
  269. TIMP1 TIMP metallopeptidase inhibitor 1: C.pneumoniae-infected human bronchial epithelial cell showed enhanced secretion of VEGF, TGF-beta, and TIMP-1 Park et al, 2010
  270. TLR2 toll-like receptor 2 recognises C.Pneumoniae on dendritic cells Prebeck et al, 2001
  271. TLR3 C.pneumoniae initiates signalling via TLR3 and MAP Kinase(s) Wang et al, 2013
  272. TLR4 toll-like receptor 4 recognises C.Pneumoniae on vascular smooth muscle cells Sasu et al, 2001
    1. C.Pneumoniae protein phospholipase D is a TLR4 agonist inducing the expression of IL23A, IL6, IL1B, TGFß, and CCL20 in monocytes, CXCL9, CCL20, CCL4, CCL2, ICAM1, and VCAM1 in HUVECs. Plaque-derived T cells produce IL-17 in response to CpPLD Benagiano et al, 2012
  273. TMBIM4 transmembrane BAX inhibitor motif containing 4: knock-down in infected A549 cells increases number of C. pneumoniae genomes and bacterial growth Markkula et al, 2012
  274. TP53 tumor protein p53:PCNA Expression increased by infection in Human aortic vascular smooth muscle cells, associated with decreased nuclear binding of p53 Selzman et al, 2003.
  275. TNF restricts chlamydial growth via activation of IDO1 Njau et al, 2009
  276. TRAF3 TNF receptor-associated factor 3: degraded by the bacterium Wolf and Fields, 2013
  277. TRAF3IP2 TRAF3 interacting protein 2: binds to a secreted chlamydial protein, CP0236 Wolf et al, 2009
  278. TUBB Beta tubulin degraded by chlamydial CPAF Savijoki et al, 2008
  279. TXN Thioredoxin University of AArhus 2D database
  280. USF1 upstream transcription factor 1 degraded by the chlamydial protease CPAF Zhong et al, 2001
  281. UQCRC1 ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase core protein I University of AArhus 2D database
  282. USP18 – ubiquitin specific peptidase 18: Upregulated by infection in mediastinal lymph node lymphocytes Kyläniemi et al, 2009
  283. VCAM1 Chlamydia pneumoniae infection promotes the transmigration of monocytes through human brain endothelial cells via upreculation of VCAM1 and ICAM1 on endothelial cells and of integrins ITGB1, ITGB2, and ITGAM on monocytes MacIntyre et al, 2003.
  284. VDR Vitamin D receptor Chlamydial infection is enhanced in VDR knockout mice He et al, 2013
  285. VEGFA vascular endothelial growth factor A involved in entry in human coronary artery endothelial cells Wang et al, 2010
  286. VIM Vimentin degraded by chlamydial CPAF Savijoki et al, 2008 and University of AArhus 2D database
  287. WARS tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase University of AArhus 2D database
  288. XIAP X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis Knockout sensitises mice to infection Prakash et al, 2010
  289. ZDHHC17 (HIP14) interacts with bacterial Cpj0783 Yanatori et al, 2015

Melatonin and serotonin inhibit chlamydial infection, not by effects on the bacterium itself, but via host receptors for these transmitters: buspirone (HTR1A partial agonist) and NAN190 (HTR1A and HTR1F agonist) partially decreased infection : Melatonin agonist IIK7 ( MTRN1A and MTNR1B agonist) and antagonist, luzindole, decreased chlamydial infection as effectively as melatonin Rahman et al, 2005 GPR50 dimerises with melatonin receptors

  • Chlamydia secrete a glycolipid exoantigen (GLXA) which binds to infected cells . Antibodies to GXLA and complement kill the infected cells Webley et al, 2004
  • C.Pneumoniae possesses an aromatic amino acid hydrolase, Cpn1046, that uses the hosts' phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan converting them to tyrosine, dihydroxyphenylalanine, and 5-hydroxytryptophan Abromaitis et al, 2009
High throughput experiments

Chlamydia pneumoniae infection of monocytes in vitro stimulates innate and adaptive immune responses relevant to those in Alzheimer's disease Lim et al, 2014

Innate and adaptive immunity gene transcripts increased at 48 hours in Chlamydia pneumoniae-infected THP1 cells s CCL2 COLEC12 CYBB DEFB4 DMBT1 IFNB1 IL1F5 IL1F8 IL1RN IL6 IRAK2 NFKBIA NLRC4 PTAFR SERPINA1 TLR8 TNF

Chlamydia pneumoniae infection promotes vascular smooth muscle cell migration through a Toll-like receptor 2-related signaling pathway Wang et al, 2013

Upregulated: BAIAP2 CCL20 CX3CL1 GREM2 ID1 ID2 MCM6 MCM7 NQO1 PCNA TLR2

Downregulated: AKAP12 ANXA1 CD55 DUSP1 EDN1 EGR1 ERRFI1 F3 FOS GJB2 LOC683626 NFIL3 PKIG PPAP2B PSAT1 RASL11B STMN2 TGFA TGFB3 THBD

pneumoniae and/or low density lipoprotein in five study models using differential display and real-time RT-PCR. Lim and Chow, 2006

Modified genes: ACTG1 ARPP19 BCL2A1 CDC27 CDC42EP3 CDK1 CTSH FLOT1 GPR6 IK IRS2 PHF20 RPL27A SLAMF8 UBAC1 UBE2T

A Systemic Network for Chlamydia pneumoniae Entry into Human Cells Wang et al, 2010

Genes involved in attachment and entry 55H1 ABL2 ADRB2 ALS2 ARL7 ATP2B1 AXUD1 BCL1O BCL2A1 BHLHB2 BMP2 BRE CCL20 CCL20 CCNL1 CEBPB CHMP18 CITED2 CSF2 CXCL1 CXCL2 CXCL3 CXCR7 DACH1 DDIT3 GPR137C DKK2 DSCR1 DUSP1 DUSP5 EFNA1 EGR1 EGR3 ELF1 ELL2 ERN1 F3 FGF5 FOS FOSB FOSL2 FREM1 FST GADD45B GATA2 GATA6 HBEGF HDAC9 HER3 HEY1 HIRA HIST2H2BE ICAM1 ID1 ID2B IL1A IL6 IL8 INHBA IRF1 IRF2BP2 ITGB2 JUNB KBTBD KITLG KLF10 KLF11 KLF4 KLF7 KLF9 LIF LIM53 LOC284454 LOC387763 M8X1 MAFF MAP3K8 METTL5 MMOX1 MPPE1 MYO10 NARG2 NEDD9 NFIL3 NFKB1 NFKBIA NR1D2 NR4A1 NR4A2 NR4A3 NUAK2 OFM PBEF1 PDE4B PDGFB PER1 PPP1R15A PRKD2 PTGS2 RARA RASD1 RND1 S100A10 SDC4 SELE SEMA4D SERPINE1 SERTAD3 SLC19A2 SLC25A25 SLC7A8 SMQD7 SNAI1 SNF1LK SOCS3 SPRY2 SPRY4 SQSTM1 ST3GAL6 TIFA TIPQRP TJP1 TNFAIP3 TRIM1 VCAM1 VEGF ZC3H12A ZFP38

cDNA array analysis of altered gene expression in human endothelial cells in response to Chlamydia pneumoniae infection Coombes and Mahony, 2001.

Upregulated BDNF CCL2 CXCL12 F2R FGF2 FPR3 GAP43 HBEGF IFNAR1 IGF1R IGFBP4 IL1B IL8 INHBA IRF1 PDAP1 PDGFB PDGFRA TNFAIP6

Infection of U937 Monocytic Cells with Chlamydia pneumoniae Induces Extensive Changes in Host Cell Gene Expression Virok et al, 2003

Upregulated: ADAM9 ANXA1 ANXA5 CCL1 CCL2 CCL3 CCL4 CCL8 CCR1 CCR8 CCRL2 CD44 CD58 CD82 CD83 CD86 CEBPB CREM CSF3 CXCL1 CXCL3 ELK3 EMP1 F5 FABP4 FCER2 FCGR2B GK GPER HBEGF HDAC2 IFNGR2 IL1B IL1RN IL4R IRF8 ITGAX JUNB MMP3 MMP10 MMP12 MMP3 MYB NCOA1 NFATC1 NFKBIA NPC1 NR3C1 PLAU PPBP RGS1 SCMH1 SERPINB7 SMARCD2 SRC TAF5 TANK TFE3 TM4SF1 TMEM2 TNF TNFAIP3 TNFAIP6 TNFSF7 ZNF9

Downregulated: ACAT2 CDC25B CDCA5 CDK2 EEF2 ERP29 FKBP1A HNRNPA1 HPRT1 HSP90AB1 ICSBP1 IMPDH2 KIF23 KIF2C LIG1 LMO2 MCM7 MGP MRPS35 MYB NPM1 NUTF2 PAICS PHB PLK PPAT PRKDC RAB32 RBBP4 RFC1 RNASE2 SCMH1 SNRPD1 SRRM1 TPR

Host cell responses to Chlamydia pneumoniae in gamma interferon-induced persistence overlap those of productive infection and are linked to genes involved in apoptosis, cell cycle, and metabolism.Eickhoff et al, 2007

Regulated at various time points: ASNS BNIP3 CA9 CTGF CTH CXCL11 CYR61 DACT1 DDX58 DEPTOR DKK1 EGR1 ETS2 FOSL1 FST FZD10 HERC5 HERPUD1 HEY1 HSPA1A HSPA1B IFI44 IFIT4 IL11 INSIG1 ISG15 ISG20 KRT17 LOX LYPD3 METTL7A MXRA5 NDRG1 NFIL3 OAS1 OASL PDLIM5 PHLDA1 PLK2 PPP1R3C PSPH PTGER4 PTPN13 RAI3 SLC1A4 SREBF1 STC2 TNFAIP3 TRIB3 VEGFA ZC3HAV1

Characterization and intracellular localization of putative Chlamydia pneumoniae effector proteins Müller et al, 2008

UP IFIT1 IFIT3 TTLL11Down EIF5 GLP2R

Host metabolism promotes growth of Chlamydia pneumoniae in a low oxygen environment Szaszák et al, 2013.

siRNA screen of genes affecting C.Pneumoniae survival in hypoxic conditions: AKR1A1 AKR1B1 ALDOA AP2A1 ARRB1 C12orf5 CAMK2A CAV1 CYB5R3 CYC1 DNM2 EPAS1 FBP1 FOXO3 G6PC G6PD GLUL GPD2 HIF1A HIF3A LDHA MAPK8 MSN PFKP PGK1 PI4KA PIK3CG PXN RAB5C SIRT1 SIRT3 SLC1A5 SOD1 SOD2 STAT3 VHL VIM

The effect of proatherogenic pathogens on adipose tissue transcriptome and fatty acid distribution in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice Hyvärinen et al, 2013

Differentially expressed genes in the inguinal AT transcriptome of chronic C. pneumoniae-infected mice

Upregulated C230075M21RIK EIF2AK2 FCRLS GPC3 IFIT3 OSR2
PPAP2B USP18

Downregulated 8430408G22RIK ACTR3 DDIT4 GM14121 Gm5277 Gm9143 GPX8 IGKV4-54 LOC665281 MOD1 RPS3A YWHAG

Differentially expressed genes in the epididymal AT transcriptome of combined chronic C. pneumoniae-infected mice

Upregulated AVPR1A C7 IGK-C LRRN1 SLC15A2

Chlamydia pneumoniae infection of monocytes in vitro stimulates innate and adaptive immune responses relevant to those in Alzheimer’s disease Lim et al, 2014

Innate and adaptive immunity gene transcripts increased at 48 hours in Chlamydia pneumoniae (Cpn)-infected THP1 cells CCL2 COLEC12 CYBB DEFB4 DMBT1 IFNB1 IL1F5 IL1F8 IL1RN IL6 IRAK2 NFKBIA NLRC4 PTAFR SERPINA1 TLR8 TNF

Gene expresion omnibus datasets

Macrophage cell line response to Chlamydia pneumoniae GDS2651 Rodríguez et al, 2007

Upregulated: ABCB1B ABR ACOD1 ACSL1 ACTG1 ACTR3 AHNAK ALAS1 ANGPTL2 ARHGEF1 ATF3 ATP6VOA1 BCL2A1D BCL3 BCL6 CASP4 CCL2 CCL3 CCL4 CCL7 CDR2 CEBPB CEBPD CITED2 CLEC4E CLIC4 CPD CSTF2 CTNND1 CXCL2 CYTIP DUSP16 EBI3 EHD1 EIF3E ELL2 EPRS ETF1 ETS2 FAM49B FAS FLNB FPR1 GADD45A GCH1 GPR137B GSR GTPBP4 HCLS1 HIGD1A HK2 HMOX1 HNRNPA1 HP HSD17B12 HSD17B7 HSD3B2 HSPA8 IFIH1 IFITM3 IFRD1 IGH2BP2 IL1B IL1RN IMPDH1 KLF6 LILR4B LPL LTB MANF MAPK6 MAPK8 MAPKAPK2 MARCKSL1 MTHFS MTPN MYADM MYO1D NAB1 NEK1 NFKB1 NFKBIA NFKBIZ ODC1 OTUD4 PIM1 PIP1 PIRB PLK2 POU2F2 PSMA3 PSMB6 PSMB7 RFWD2 RGCC RHOC RMDN3 RNF19B RPL7 RSAD2 RTN4 SAA3 SCOC SLC11A2 SLC20A1 SLC25A25 SLC2A1 SLC31A1 SLC4A7 SLFN2 SLPI SOCS3 SOD2 SPATA13 SRSF2 SUSD6 TAF1D TIAL1 TIMM17A TMEM131 TMEM176A TNF TNFRSF1B TNIP1 TPM4 TRAF1 TRIM13 TRPC4 TXNRD1 USP1 WDR92 YBX3 ZNRF1 ZRANB2

Downregulated: ABCC3 ACAA2 C1QA CACNA1A CHD4 COL4A5 CTLA2B CYTIP DAB2 GAB2 GJB1 HCN2 HFE HMGCL HOXA3 IL1R2 ITGA6 LAPTM5 LGALS1 LSP1 MXD4 NFIA NTPCR RHD ROGDI RPL18 SEPT9 UBE2R2

Chlamydia pneumonia infection effect on dendritic cells GDS3753 / Njau et al, 2009

Top misregulated: ACSM5 ACSS1 ACTL9 ACVRL1 ADAD1 ADAMTS6 ADIPOQ AGBL3 AKT2 ALDH5A1 ALOX15B ANP32D APC ARHGEF26 BMS1P20 C15orf48 C3orf79 CA6 CCDC110 CCL20 CCL5 CCL5 CCR7 CD163 CD1E CD69 CD80 CD84 CECR6 CFB CLEC10A CLEC2B CLRN3 CLYBL CNIH4 COL14A1 COX17 CP CPEB1 CSNK1A1P1 CST7 CTLA4 CTNNBIP1 CXCL1 CXCL10 CXCL11 CXCL5 CXCL9 CYB5B DANCR DBR1 DCLK1 DSG2 DUSP4 DUSP5 ECT2 EGR1 EHD1 EIF3A ELAVL1 EPB41L4A ERAP1 ERCC2 EXOSC5 F13A1 FAM47A FAM49A FBXO16 FCAR FOXR2 FRMD4A FRMD4B GBP1 GBP1P1 GBP4 GBP5 GCH1 GGNBP2 GPD1L GPR132 GPR132 GPR157 GREM1 HTR2B IDO1 IFI27 IFIH1 IFITM3 IFT27 IGLC1 IL15RA IL1A IL1B IL1R2 IL23A IL2RA IL2RA IL6 INHBA INSL6 ISG20 ISG20 KANSL1L KLHL31 KLHL7 LILRA5 LINC00705 LINC00877 LINC01191 LINC01289 LINC01521 LITAF LNPEP LOC100129518 SOD2 LOC100130111 LOC100287290 LOC100506082 LOC100653137 LOC101927907 LOC101928927 SNORA9 SNHG15 LOC101929657 LOC101929800 LOC101927424 LOC440896 LOC101930476 LINC00476 LOC102725116 LOC105375839 LOC284513 LOC401220 LOC441666 LPAR6 LRRC25 LRRCC1 LY9 MAGI1 MBNL3 MBOAT1 MDGA2 MEF2C MLLT3 MPP7 MS4A6A MSI2 MT1M NCBP3 NCKAP5 NEMP1 NEURL3 NF2 NRGN NT5DC2 OR2J2 OR2M4 OSMR PDE4B PGAP1 PLGLB2 PLXDC2 PML POSTN PPP2R2A PRAM1 PRAP1 PRELP PRIM2 PRMT2 PSTK RAB7ARAD51L3 RFFL RFPL3S RFTN2 RGS13 RGS18 RIMBP2 RNF144B RORA-AS1 RRAS2 RSAD2 S1PR1 SDS SEPP1 SETD6 SGPP2 SHISA3 SKA3 SLAMF7 SLAMF7 SLAMF7 SLC17A8 SMYD1 SNAI3 SNTG2 SOX17 SPATA4 SRPK2 STAMBP STIM1 STRIP2 STXBP4 STYK1 TAP1 THBS1 TMED5 TMEM37 TNFAIP3 TNFAIP3 TNFAIP6 TNFAIP6 TNFSF4 TRAF1 TRIM4 TRIM69 TTC39A UPB1 VEGFA VMO1 ZDHHC14 ZNF395 ZNF606 ZNF865

Diseases associated with C. Pneumoniae.

Cross-reactive (auto)antibodies

  • Chlamydia pneumoniae (CPP) streptococcal M protein (STM6P) and milk butyrophilin (BTN). versus neuron-specific antigens (myelin basic protein (MBP), myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG), ganglioside (GM1), sulfatide (SULF), chondroitin sulfate (CONSO4), myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG), alpha,beta-crystallin (alpha,beta-CRYS), neurofilament proteins (NAFP), tubulin ) in autism Vojdani et al, 2002

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Last update: January 16, 2019