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The Pubmed references link to the citation and related references.
An interesting article "Can Alzheimer's disease be prevented" can be found at the National Institute on ageing website. It is not yet possible to cure Alzheimer's disease. However there is reasonable evidence to suggest that a healthy lifesyle, "sensible" dietary regimes and avoidance of excess (smoking and alcohol) can delay the onset of the disease. This really simplifies to " a healthy mind in a healthy body" Mens sana in corpore sano
These lifestyle issues are similar, if not identical to the problems of heart disease, atherosclerosis and stroke. Advice on these matters can also be found at the American Heart Association and at the Alzheimer's Association websites.
Risk factor |
References |
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Age | Keller, 2006 |
| Aluminium | Perl and Moalem, 2006 | |
| Silica levels in drinking water (Aluminium antidote) have been associated with a reduced incidence of Alzheimer's disease | Gillette et al, 2007 | |
| Association with Diabetes | Xu et al, 2007 | |
| Association with the metabolic syndrome Wikipedia | Razay et al, 2007 | |
| Poor dental health | Kim et al, 2007 | |
| Family history of Parkinson's disease | Suhanov et al, 2006 | |
| Head injury | O'Meara et al, 1997 | |
| History of Manual work (occupational exposure) | Fratiglioni et al, 1993 | |
| Loneliness | Wilson et al, 2007 | |
| Organic solvent exposure | Kukull et al, 1995 | |
| "Exposure to air pollution causes neuroinflammation, an altered brain innate immune response, and accumulation of Abeta42 and alpha-synuclein starting in childhood". | Calderón-Garcidueñas. et al,2008 | |
| Maternal age at birth | Fratiglioni, 1993 | |
| Number of pregnancies | Colucci et al, 2006 | |
| Hypertension | Skoog and Gustafson, 2006 | |
| Familial aggregation (Alzheimer's disease in family members) | Van
Duijn et al, 1991 Concordance in identical twins = 59% Gatz et al, 2006a 2006b |
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| Exposure to low frequency magnetic fields (in men) | Qiu et al, 2004 | |
| Inverse association with smoking | Van Duijn and Hofman, 1991 | |
| Prior exposure to anaesthesia | Bohnen et al, 1994 | |
| Inverse association with cancer | Roe et al, 2005 | |
| Carotid artery atherosclerosis Wikipedia | Van Oijen et al, 2007 | |
| Atherosclerosis in the Circle of Willis Wikipedia | Beach et al, 2007 | |
| Cerebral emboli | Purandare et al, 2006 | |
| Coronary artery disease | Beeri et al, 2006 | |
| Previous major psychiatric illness | Cooper and Holmes, 1998 | |
| Previous history of depression | Fischer et al, 2008 | |
Infectious agents |
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| Borrelia Burgdorferi (Lyme disease) Wikipedia | Miklossy et al, 2004 | |
| Chlamydia pneumoniae Wikipedia | Gerard et al, 2006 | |
| Helicobacter pylori Wikipedia | Malaguarnera et al, 2004 | |
| Cytomegalovirus (Herpes virus HHV-5) Wikipedia | Blasko et al, 2007 | |
| Herpes simplex (HSV-1) and HHV-6 | ||
| Dietary and lifestyle factors | ||
| Hyperhomocysteinemia is a risk factor associated with AD and many other conditions Wikipedia | Selhub et al, 2006 | |
| High folate intake related to lower incidence of Alzheimer's disease | Luchsinger et al, 2007 | |
| Mild hypercholesterolaemia | Pappolla et al, 2003 | |
| High dietary intake of vitamin C and vitamin E may lower the risk of
developing Alzheimer's disease. |
Engelhart et al, 2002 | |
| Fish consumption and intake of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids may reduce the incidence of Alzheimer's disease | Morris et al, 2003 | |
| Saturated fat intake increases the risk of dementia and Alzheimer's disease | Laitinen et al, 2003 | |
| Higher calorific and fat intake reported to increase the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease | Luchsinger et al, 2002 | |
| "Physical inactivity, dietary fat intake, alcohol drinking, and smoking at midlife are associated with the risk of dementia and AD, especially among APOE4 carriers" | Kivipelto et al, 2008 | |
| "Moderate intake of unsaturated fats at midlife is protective, whereas a moderate intake of saturated fats may increase the risk of dementia and AD, especially among ApoE epsilon4 carriers". | Laitinen et al, 2006 | |
| The Mediterarranean diet may reduce the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease | Scarmeas et al, 2006 | |
| Inverse association with coffee drinking | Quintana et al, 2007 | |
| Midlife obesity | Whitmer et al, 2007 | |
| Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, wine consumption, coffee consumption, and regular physical activity associated with a reduced risk of Alzheimer's disease | Lindsay et al, 2002 | |
| An active and socially integrated lifestyle in later life may protect against Alzheimer's disease and dementia | Fratiglioni et al, 2004 | |
| DRUGS and VACCINES | ||
| Non-steroidal anti-inflammatories reduce the incidence of Alzheimer's disease | McGeer et al, 2006 | |
| Statins may reduce the incidence of Alzheimer's disease | Wolozin et al, 2000 | |
| Antihypertensives (calcium antagonists) may reduce the risk of dementia in hypertensive patients | Forette et al, 2002 | |
| Exposure to vaccines against diphtheria or tetanus, poliomyelitis and influenza associated with lower risk for Alzheimer's disease | Verreault et al, 2002 | |