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• Alzheimer's genes
• Alzheimer's genes and herpes simplex
• Kegg pathways
• Alzheimer's genes and cholesterol pathways Refs
• Risk factors Updates

• Convergence of genes implicated in Alzheimer's disease on the cerebral cholesterol shuttle: APP, cholesterol, lipoproteins, and atherosclerosis.Neurochem Int 2007
• APOE, CR1 Clusterin, PICALM and herpes simplex
• Alzheimer's disease plaques and tangles: Cemeteries of a Pyrrhic victory of the immune defence network against herpes simplex infection at the expense of complement and inflammation-mediated neuronal destructionNeurochem Int 2011.
• Alzheimer's disease: A pathogenetic autoimmune disorder caused by Herpes simplex in a gene-dependent manner. Int.J.Alz Dis, 2010
• The fox and the rabbits, environmental variables and population genetics. 1: Replication problems in association studies and the untapped power of GWAS. 2: Vitamin A deficiency, herpes simplex reactivation and other causes of Alzheimer’s disease ISRN Neurology, 2011
• Alzheimer’s disease: APP, gamma secretase, APOE, CLU, CR1, PICALM, ABCA7, BIN1, CD2AP, CD33, EPHA1 and MS4A2, and their relationships with herpes simplex , C.Pneumoniae, other suspect pathogens and the immune system: Int.J.Alz.Dis, 2011

Anorexia nervosa

Autism

• Autism Risk factors Updates
• KEGG pathway analysis of Autism susceptibility genes

Bipolar disorder

• Bipolar Genes
• KEGG pathways
• Bipolar risk factors Updates

• Multiple genes and factors associated with bipolar disorder converge on growth factor and stress activated kinase pathways controlling translation initiation: implications for oligodendrocyte viability.Neurochem Int, 2007
• EIF2B and oligodendrocyte survival: where nature and nurture meet in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia? Schiz Bull, 2007

Childhood obesity

Chronic fatigue syndrome

Cystic fibrosis

• CFTR homology with bacterial pathogens
• Pathogens hyper-colonising cystic fibrosis patients
• CFTR interactome KEGG pathway analysis
• CFTR homologies with S.aureus, P.aeruginosa and S.maltophilia proteins and with cystic fibrosis autoantigens

• Pathogen and autoantigen homologous regions within the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein suggest an autoimmune treatable component of cystic fibrosis. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol. 2011

Depression

Huntington's disease

Multiple sclerosis

• Multiple sclerosis risk factors Updates
• KEGG pathway analysis of multiple sclerosis susceptibility genes
• Autoantigen homology with viral risk factors MBP,MOG and CLDN11 CRYAB, CNP,MAG, EIF2B5

• Epstein–Barr and other viral mimicry of autoantigens, myelin and vitamin D-related proteins and of EIF2B, the cause of vanishing white matter disease:massive mimicry of multiple sclerosis relevant proteinsby the Synechococcus phage Immunology and Immunotoxicology, 2011 Full text
• Epstein-Barr virus and Synechococcus phage homology with human proteins

Parkinson's disease

• Parkinson's disease genes and risk factors
  Updates

Schizophrenia

• Genes and risk factors Updates
• KEGG pathways of schizophrenia genes
• DISC1 interactomes, including viral interactomes, and glutamate signalling networks
• Schizophrenia gene families
• Schizophrenia genes involved in the life cycles of pathogens
• EIF2B: Nature/nurture and oligodendrocytes
• Stress kinase pathway

• Schizophrenia susceptibility genes converge on interlinked pathways related to glutamatergic transmission and long-term potentiation, oxidative stress and oligodendrocyte viability.Schiz Res, 2006
• Schizophrenia susceptibility genes directly implicated in the life cycles of pathogens: cytomegalovirus, influenza, herpes simplex, rubella, and Toxoplasma gondii.Schiz Bull, 2007
• Schizophrenia: A pathogenetic autoimmune disease caused by viruses and pathogens and dependent on genes.J.Pathogens, 2011
• Gliadin antibodies as causative agents in schizophrenia ?

Herpes simplex

• Host/pathogen interaction database Updates
• KEGG pathway analysis of the viral life cycle
• HSV-1 genes
• Targets of Human Transcription factors binding to HSV-1

HIV-1/AIDS

• Genes and other pathogens affecting HIV-1 infection: Autoantigens and antivirals
• KEGG pathway analysis of HIV-1/host interactions from NCBI

Extensive viral mimicry of 22 AIDS related autoantigens by HIV-1 proteins and pathway analysis of 561 viral/human homologues suggest an initial treatable autoimmune component of AIDS.FEMS Imm Med Microbiol, 2011

Vaccinia and other viruses with available vaccines show marked homology with the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein: The prospect of using existing vaccines to stem the AIDS pandemic.Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol. 2011 Aug 19. [Epub ahead of print]

Helicobacter Pylori

The microbiome and probiotics in health and disease

• Viruses, bacteria and other pathogens have been implicated in many human diseases including Alzheimer's and atherosclerosis, autism , depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, type 1 diabetes, irritable bowel syndrome, multiple sclerosis and Parkinson's disease, and many others, and can cause numerous cancers.In some cases there are "good viruses or bacteria" and characterisation of the microbiome in health and disease by the Human microbiome project is helping to define these. Some have already been used to good effect and the use of probiotics or even helminth infection as therapy is a burgeoning field.
• Some of the pathogens implicated are listed here

Other KEGG Signalling networks from GWAS and other studies and Interactomes Updates

• Gene association data cluster in hot and cold spots around the globe
• Pathogens in Alzheimer's disease, Bipolar disorder and schizophrenia
• Genes modifying infection by pathogens
• Pathogens bacteria and viruses
• Videos of viral infection, grey matter loss in schizophrenia and Alzheimer's disease spread
• Useful links

Viral integration into the human genome

See this set of papers and Trost et al, 2011 and Nature precedings

BLAST files illustrating this phenomenon

Images of viral integration into the human genome

The viral constitution of DISC1

Examples of mechanisms of action

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